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Truman's Presidency Begins
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Truman's Presidency
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Sweatt v. Painter
This was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson. The case was influential in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education four years later -
Dennis v. United States
The Court ruled that Dennis did not have the right under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution to exercise free speech, publication and assembly, if the exercise involved the creation of a plot to overthrow the government. -
Eisenhower's Presidency begins
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Eisenhower's Presidency
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Brown v. Board of Education
This was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. -
Kennedy's Presidency begins
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Kennedy's Presidency
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Engel v. Vitale
a landmark United States Supreme Court case that ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools. -
Giddeon v. Wainwright
The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases to represent defendants who are unable to afford to pay their own attorneys. -
Abington School District v. Schempp
This was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided 8–1 in favor of the respondent, Edward Schempp, and declared school-sponsored Bible reading in public schools in the United States to be unconstitutional. -
Johnson's Presidency begins
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Johnson's Presidency
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New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
a United States Supreme Court case that established the actual malice standard, which has to be met before press reports about public officials can be considered to be defamation and libel; and hence allowed free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern United States. -
Reynolds v. Sims
a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that state legislature districts had to be roughly equal in population. -
Escobedo v. Illinois
a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment. The case was decided a year after the court held in Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) that indigent criminal defendants had a right to be provided counsel at trial. -
Griswold v. Connecticut
A case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. -
Miranda v. Arizona
The Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them. -
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Nixon's Presidency
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Griggs v. Duke Power Co
The Supreme Court ruled that the company's employment requirements did not pertain to applicants' ability to perform the job, and so was discriminating against Black employees, even though the company had not intended it to do so. -
Reed v. Reed
This was an Equal Protection case in the United States in which the Supreme Court ruled that the administrators of estates cannot be named in a way that discriminates between sexes. -
Roe v. Wade
The Court ruled that a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that this right must be balanced against the state's two legitimate interests in regulating abortions: protecting prenatal life and protecting women's health. Arguing that these state interests became stronger over the course of a pregnancy, the Court resolved this balancing test by tying state regulation of abortion to the third trimester of pregnanc -
Frontiero v. Richardson
a landmark United States Supreme Court case which decided that benefits given by the United States military to the family of service members cannot be given out differently because of gender. -
Milliken v. Bradley
Was a significant United States Supreme Court case dealing with the planned desegregation busing of public school students across district lines among 53 school districts in metropolitan Detroit. It concerned the plans to integrate public schools in the United States in the aftermath of the Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) decision. -
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Ford's Presidency
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Carter's Presidency
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Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
This was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy. -
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Reagan's Presidency
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HW Bush's Presidency
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Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
This was a court case concerning employment discrimination, argued before the United States Supreme Court on January 18, 1989, and decided on June 5, 1989. -
Martin v. WIlks
This was a Supreme court case where some white firefighters thought that African-American workers were reciving promotions on the basis of a law created to promote equality. -
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
This was a United States Supreme Court decision on July 3, 1989 upholding a Missouri law that imposed restrictions on the use of state funds, facilities, and employees in performing, assisting with, or counseling on abortions. -
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state regulations regarding abortion were challenged. The Court's plurality opinion upheld the constitutional right to have an abortion and altered the standards for analyzing restrictions of that right, invalidating one regulation but upholding the other four. -
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Clinton's Presidency