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easier to by land from government / 1.25$ an acre
// No more space in Europe -
1-Europe
2-Asia
3-Mexico
4-Canada
5-Caribbean
6-South America -
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a place where 75% of Eastern European Jews are from, created by Tsar Nicholas I and in which jews were mandated to live in - actual lituania, ukraine, poland and south-eastern provinces of Russia -
British Company -
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Also creation of the first transportation companies
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Tradition of moving around in italy, where you are needeed, so started moving to the US, bringing their skills (Californian wineries)
Because of political reasons, to avoid draft/jail, and economic opportunities.
Context of political turmoil in Italy, was multiple little states, not one unified, fighting and lobbying for a unification that would happen later. -
German company -
Movement of Italian Independance and unification
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1850s- 40k
1870s- 120k
1890s- 10k -
25k chinese joined the Gold Rush
America called "Gold Mountain" in Cantonese -
unskilled workers needed seasonal jobs= mines, construction, fields...
Scranton= a region of mining industry, groing fast thanks to coal mining
Heavy use of migrants (13% polish, 8% Austrians, 8% Italians...) and of "Breaker Boys" (6y.old boys) who would pick slate from the coal in the early breakers. -
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scientific racism: analyzing human groups and determining their qualities and effect.
developped in UK, France, then US,...
=What happen when you mix races? -
Eugenics= the study of the agencies under social control, that improves or impair the racial qualities of future generations either phisically or mentally. (rising along with nativsm and SctfcRcsm
Positive eugenics= aimed at encouraging "positive" citizens, hard-working with no genetic or hereditary health problems to reproduce.
Negative eugenics= aimed at preventing those considered as "negative" citizens (homeless, unemployed, mental/phisical disabilities= "residuum") from reproducing -
8 Million of immigrants went through its doors (2/3 of them all) -
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Senate session, an annual report of the controller of state - official document presented in Senate at State Level "Slave" Chinese population
conflict with other workers, working less and with higher wages - chinese as unfair workforce, not allowing the improvement of worker's conditions -
German Company -
S.Francisco, White and Bauer -
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except papal states and a bit of Austrian Empire
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settlers were given 150acres of land to work on for 5 years, then the land was yours IF you used it/worked on it for 5 years. For male citizens over 21 or would-be citizens.
The land was not empty-inhabited lands by wild animals and Native American -
an employee could recruit workers abroad, signing a contract beforehand, the person is then offered the passage to America at the cost of years of work in the same factory
// indentured servants -
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Tenements are a type of building usually 4-6 stories high in which entire families of immigrants would be packed in to live, sometimes as many as 10 per flats, at a rate of 4 flats per Stories. They were composed of a living room and a bedroom. The stairs were spiraling in the middle of the building. There would be no light and no aishaft, so it would be very hot and smelly. Only accomodation available for the hole building would be open to the eye, dirty and in the open air. One per building. -
Increase of commerce with China, free exchange of marchandise and workers, tourism, businessmen and "permanent residents"
But chinese not available to claim citizenship, not white nor black (according to the Constitution), but fair treatment of popultaion in both country -
in Utah
Lack of workforce due to the Civil War
use of 12k chinese immigrants to build the western part, the eastern side built by "The English"
Immigrants now able to settle in difficult places easier to legitimize, claim and use the land
But not for Chinese - were not welcome to stay
Harsh conditions while building it- desert, camp, building bridges and tunnels, carving the mountains -
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prohibiting people from walking on sidewalks while using a pole to carry goods
targeting the Chinese population -
attack of the chinese quarter
18 Chinese poeple killed, houuses burnt
condemned by newspaper -
this time with the former Papal states and a bit of the Austrian Empire part of now Italy
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10 chinese workers killed in the massacre in Oregon, white men killers were acquitted -
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city famous for its textile manufactories, at its height in 1880, producing almost half of the silk manufactured in the United States
ribbons and broad silkk factories
skilled weavers, mostly immigrants, from traditional silk textile areas of England, Germany and Italy.
1/2 women, but better paid men
Start of work at 14y.o.
Hard works= little space, extremely focused, very tiring
Cost less to employ immigrants= Italians like Chinese, hardworking for lower wages= unfair competitions -
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with the highest point between 1901 and 1910
also time when 1/3 of European jews left their home, and of which 90% went to the US -
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great competition between navigation companies, lowering of ticket prices.
Start of the "Steerage passengers" : those who couldn't afford a cabin were put int the steerage, place between decks usualy above the Engine and the Boiler rooms - at sea level. Very hot, no air, no lights. Those passengers, once arrived in the US, would have to go through the imigration bureaus, contrary to those from the cabins (enventhough they were imigrants, you were not considered as such when you were rich) -
Political reasons (revolutionarists, socialists, ...), economic oppression of landlords exploitment (they have the economical and political power through rent ) = poverty and exploitation.
Immigration to industrial cities, where they needed arms = "Bracchianti" people working with their arms.
Usually would settle in NY (Lower-East Side, Hell's Kitchen, East Harlem) but also Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, N.O., S.F. -
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West problem=Chinese
East problem= Italians
"The Italians Must Go"
Published just after the Chinese Exclusion Act of the same year -
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after a period of lobbying to harden immigration laws, this Act prohibiting the entry of Chinese workers for 10 years was passed
Journalists, merchants, diplomats,... could still go to the US
Exclusion, not expulsion -
REpresentation of death disguised as imigrant, on a british ship arriving in NYC, welcomed by a battery of disinfectants
Fear of contagious disease -
group of people working together in a small space, textile industry, doing the sleaves, buttons, colours of the coats.... usually famillies in the Tenements -
prohibiting return of chinese workers to the us even with a valid re-entry permit -
Strong Anti-Italian sentiment/
- catholics with different customs
- "black hand"// criminality linked to them, as they would use force against their own community
-anarchism (some italians arriving were anarchists fighting for rights of the workers like in Patterson, from where an Italian went back to Italy to kill the Kingof the time)
-scientific racism, not considered white -
a settlement house, a place helping people integrate in society while being proud of their culture. Italians not really feeling Italians, more Sicilians/Romans... unification still new
Cultural Shock/ use of olive oil... criticised by Americans, encouraging through reports the use of butter and cream = Americanizing them, integrating them -
increasing because of RATE WAR since the1880s
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"muckraking" journalism
also showing and condemning the living conditions in the tenements -
became too small, too slow, and didn't meet the necessary criteria anymore
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mandatory that all immigrants coming to the US were given a health inspection by the Public Health Service physicians
// Mental Examination of Immigrants, text of May 18, 1917 -
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Sheriff was killed, and said it was the Italians just before passing. Police started to look for any Italians in the streets, arresting them: 11 people put in trial for the murder, who were found not guilty. It was thought that the jury had been corrupted by italians, so justice had to be rendered. When about to be released, a mob entered the prison and killed the 11 Italians.
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first Federal Immigration Station on Ellis Island, cost 75K$
Annie Moore, the "rosy-cheeked girl" of Ellis Island, first to go through - Irish girl considered white (would not have been in the 1860s)
Island of Hopes, Island of Tears -
Made the Chinese Exclusion act Permanent
repealed in 1943
not the problem anymore - targeting on Japanese -
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusets Republican Senator, public voice of this league some immigrants more welcomed than others
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selection through "literacy tests", to exclude the immigrants "less fit" for society a law was passed, but not acted(signed by president) Lead to Commision to investigate on immigration
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gang work= for industrialists, easier to employ the whole group than one by one -also a guarantee that people won't make unions: it's one of them that negociates and employs them with the companies.
Immigrants established in US (knowing language and customs) going back to their country, offering work and passage to people (steerage). Those people would owe you then, so you pay them less than what you were given to pay them. Idea of helping each other (integration+work for less money) Italians ++ -
hereditary qualities in race, but also impact on the society you are in. Teutonic/Alpine/Mediterranean/... race, with each different phisical criteria.
= reveal concept of Race:
-classificat° of H groups as "discrete biotic entites", phisical traits
-hierarchical ordering race
-belief phisical characteristics markers of intelectual/maral qualities
-notion of these qualities as hereditary
-belief of fixed and not bridgeable differences. -
Have to keep in mind that America was not initially their first immigration destination choice : first massive immigration to Brazil when slavery was abolished (1840s), then US, then Argentina...
At this period (1899-1910), 372.6k from Northern Italy, 1.9 Millions from the south (below Geneva) -
With a pick in 1906//russian revolution
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... as a result of journalists revealing difficult conditions for imigrants (the Muckrakers journalists)
65%of imigrants moving to the US thanks to prepaid tickets -
textile manufacturing
workers had little rights, and had to buy their own sewing machines
long paired tables overseen by managers -
how to REmake tenements
- mandated better lighting and fire proofing
-indoor toilets facilities connected to city seawers. 1 for 2 appartments -
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controlling the number of immigrants
Japan didn't like the US, and vice-versa
Japan didn't wanted their people to go away, US didn't want to welcome them -
primarly a detention center, designed to control chinese flow who were denied entry since the Chinese Exclusion Act
The whole place is carved with isncriptions from people detained there -
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between the US and Japan:
-Japan agrees to restrict emigration to the US
-US_ no restriction imposed on japanese population already there -
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Would investigate on immigration, and produce 41 volumes of studies to analyze the problem.
Dilligham Reports, state that there is a difference in assimilation btwn the old and new immigration: Old immigration more intelligent, while New are "birds of passage", don't care about US, so why should they care about the future of the country? How to fight what is not working?
Government influenced -
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zoologist becoming eugenistic
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Financed by philantropists interested in eugenics to have better workers.
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Heredity
-Blood
-Good/Bad stock (carrying good or bad blood) Innate/Inborn Qualities
-makes you-Fit/Unfit
-If unfit-Degeneracy (of the race)
-because-Mongrelization of the race (mix pure and impure blood)
- Undesirable (up until the 1960's, in some state mentally unwell women would be systematically sterilized by force)
Also trying to improve "mexican" race, "black" race... -
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association of animal breeders taking interest in politics and immigration
scientific racism linking with eugenics
=trying to change immigration law according to eugenics and scientific racism -
one of the biggest and most influential Garment manfufacturing industry in NYC. Emplooying women mostly, in a high building with only one fire escape, blocked so that employees would not loose their time outside - very hot industry/building, no air.
When fire broke out, couldn't escape, so some jumped out of the building and died not of fire, but of heights. 150 deaths total. The employers did not end up in jail. Whole afdair shocked the City- conversations about workers conditions. Jew/Italian -
White killed themselves during the civil war: less whites, freer blacks, reproduction of blacks increasing, as well as acceptation of migration, so mongrelization of race
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-restricted immigration of the "undesirables"
-imposed tax of 8$ on each immigrants except children under 16
- barred immigration from so-called "asiatic Barred Zone" (All Asia barred except Japan, Eastern China, Hong Kong)
-imposed literacy test (passed law 3 times, overuled president on 4th so that it would be enacted) -
relationship btwn citizens and immigrants based on fear of the ennemy.
Loyalty of imigrants towards USA put to the est Italians became ally, but no imporvement of treatment, while germans became problematical
=ennemy alliens Loyalty - trust in immigrants
- Hyphenated americans: immigrants tested loyalty
- 100% Americanism: forget about old country, now you're an American
-100% Percenters: most extrem people advocating for the above
=Patriostism: funding the war effort, take arms -
prohibited to do anything that could lower the soldier's moral
- already hard enough to send people so far away as it is
broaden by 1918 Sedition Act -
basically an independant agency working for government controlling war suport and information during war
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Publicly recognizing mental illness guide
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Pro war propaganda in foreign language journals + needed to include a translated version of the original journal to the CPI before publishing
"It's what you say thatmakes you american" -
-established quotas based on national origins
-3% of the total pop of foreign-born of each nationalities in US recorded in 1910 Census
-totla number of visa available each year to 320k -
Love for Italy like a mother, love of US like a wife
Idea of "descent"= where you come from, and "conscent"=agreeing with your own choice of country -
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From 3 to 2%, based on 1890 census
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Children might come as "normal", "abnormal" or "tainted"
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as an immigration station