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-poverty level had risen
-immigrants increased
-slavery
-population growth
-urbanization of cities
-media expansion
-transportation expansion
-land-grants
-students NOT college ready -
Mathmaticians redeveloped field of mathematics.
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William H. Wells divided schools into grades
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Mechanics, engineers and manufacturers
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Lester Frank Ward published Dynamic Sociology. He opposed Social Darwinists, he argued civilization was changed by the power of intelligent intervention to change things for the better.
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Emphasis on mental discipline in the 1890's with the report of the Yale faculty in 1828
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Technological advances lead to loss of jobs and dramatic rise in secondary school enrollments in 1890's.
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A technologial unemployment among teenagers led them to go to school.
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Had a scientific educational theory, that spoke of an interrelationship in subjects. Interest declined quickly but facets are still seen in education today.
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Nine articles voiced the concern of the school system being lifeless.
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Severe Economic Depression leads to increase in drop-outs.
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Committee of ten report published a uniformity in high school curriculum is seen.
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Advocated for a humanistic curriculum.
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@ National Educational Association-peices only not a whole
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Advocated for a curriculum that was equal and accessible to all, not a differentiated one that would determine the social and occupational destinies of students.
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"Teachers....must sort the pupils by their evident and probable destinies" (Kliebard,2004)
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"thinking is problem-solving" (Kliebard, 2004)
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Addressed standardization and efficiency in the curriculum.
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Critical scrutiny of schools.
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Bobbit insists "education is primarily for adult life, not for the child life"
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Americans unhappy with direction of capitalism
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As a phase of vocational agricultural edu.--:.....the project....reconstructing the curriculum around the real and immediate needs of the students" (Kliebard, 2004)
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"within the child lay the key to the revitalized curriculum" --opposes The Committee of Economy of Time-(Kliebard, 2004)
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Skeptiical of project curriculum not enough "experimentation" (Kliebard, 2004)
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American education only serving the select few by birth or by talent. There was no program in education addressing the needs of the American civilzation
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"Life can not be 'prepared for'. It can only be lived."
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"......drawn from more favored economic and social classes" (Kliebard, 2004)
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Dewey questions 9-year program saying it ignored the social impact of education.
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"vista of endless prosperity vanished"
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critism of curriculum ideologies subject vs. project (Kliebard, 2004)
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Curriculum be built around life activities of the learners rather than traditional subject-matter (Kliebard, 2004)
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Focus shifts from critism of American society to patriotism--Social Reconstruction dies down
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Discovered many Americans had a very poor understanding of mathematics.
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Federal government increases its spending on education.
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Revitilize teaching of social studies provided a teacher education program.
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9 Components
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Writes Cultural Literacy
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NCLB /Race to the Top ensure accountability that students are able to compete globally.
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The Teaching Commission points out that "academic achievement" is inadequate (Schiro 2013)