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A consolidation of five cases into one, is decided by the Supreme Court, effectively ending racial segregation in public schools. Many schools, however, remained segregated. -
The montgomery bus boycott was a protest following the arrest of Rosa Parks.
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Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat for a white man on a bus. This prompts the Montgomery bus boycott. -
Sixty Black pastors and civil rights leaders from several southern states—including Martin Luther King Jr.—meet in Atlanta, Georgia to coordinate nonviolent protests against racial discrimination and segregation.
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Nine Black students known as the “Little Rock Nine” are blocked from integrating into Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. President Dwight D. Eisenhower eventually sends federal troops to escort the students, however, they continue to be harassed.
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Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law to help protect voter rights. The law allows federal prosecution of those who suppress another’s right to vote. -
Schools in New Orleans were pushing to get schools desegregation, which ended up in a lot more racial violence.
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On mothers day in 1961, a bus was attacked by white supremacists which ended up in people being beaten bloody. After this event, people who were the freedom riders started riding interstate buses in the South in mixed racial groups to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation in seating
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On August 28, 1963, protesters went and marched for Kennedy to pass a federal civil rights bill in congress. This was where Martin Luther King had his “I had a dream speech”
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On September 15, 1963, the congregation of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was bombed where four little girls were killed
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The supreme court ruled Plessy v. Ferguson, which made segregation legal since different races had “separate but equal” facilities.
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Ruled that the use of tests to determine employment that were not substantially related to job performance and that had a disparate impact on racial minorities violated Title VII (North Carolina)
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Ruled that not hiring mothers of preschool-aged children while hiring fathers of preschool-aged children violated Title VII; the first sex discrimination case to go to the U.S. Supreme Court (Florida)
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Permitted the U.S. Justice Department to sue to secure desegregation of certain public facilities owned, operated, or managed by any state or subdivision of a state.
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Authorized the U.S. Attorney General to receive complaints alleging denials of equal protection, to investigate those complaints, and to file suit in U.S. District Court to seek desegregation of the school. Also authorized the Secretary of Education to provide funds to school boards to assist their desegregation efforts.
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Ruled a school that accepted federal funds and did not provide adequate English courses or other educational benefits to students of Chinese ancestry, who did not speak English, violated Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (California)
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Determined that Title VI created a private remedy as well as authorized the withholding of federal funds from education programs that discriminated on the basis of race (Illinois)
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Ruled that sex discrimination consisting of same-sex sexual harassment is actionable under Title VII (Louisiana)
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Determined that Title VI only authorized private remedies for lawsuits based on intentional discrimination and not on evidence of disparate impact (Alabama)
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Held that discrimination, which violates Equal Protection Clause of Fourteenth Amendment, committed by an institution that accepts federal funds also constitutes violation of Title VI (Michigan)
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Held that New Haven officials violated Title VII by ignoring results of a test in which white firefighters performed better than black and Latino firefighters (Connecticut)