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The supreme law of the land, and the foundation for all other laws -
The first law passed by Congress after the Constitution, signed by President George Washington in 1789 -
in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury. -
prohibits excessive bail and fines, and cruel and unusual punishments. -
protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. -
it protects the freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of press, freedom of assembly, and right to petition the government. -
protects the right of Americans to bear arms -
prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent. -
protects citizens rights from due process, self-incrimination, double jeopardy, takings, and grand jury trials. -
in Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved. -
the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. -
powers not given to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people. -
prevents lawsuits against states from citizens of other states or foreign individuals. It also prevents states from being sued in federal court for charges based on federal law. -
the principle of judicial review, which gives the Supreme Court the power to declare laws and actions by the other branches of government unconstitutional -
established the federal government's implied powers over the states and defined the scope of federal legislative power -
In this pre-Civil War case, the question was whether Congress had the constitutional power to prohibit slavery in free territories. A second question was whether the Constitution gave African Americans the right to sue in federal court. -
abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States. -
these programs have protected the health of poor and elderly Americans. -
protects the rights and liberties of all citizens, including formerly enslaved people. -
grants all citizens the right to vote, regardless of their race, color, or previous condition of servitude. -
establishes how the President and Vice President are elected. -
gives Congress the power to levy and collect income taxes without regard to population or census. -
established direct, rather than indirect, elections for US senators. -
prohibited “the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquours” but not the consumption, private possession, or production for one's own consumption. -
guarantees that the right to vote cannot be denied or abridged on the basis of sex. -
changed the start dates for the terms of the president, vice president, and Congress, and established a procedure for presidential succession. -
repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, which had established a nationwide ban on alcohol production, sale, and transportation. -
limits the number of times a person can be elected as president to two terms. -
a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional -
established the interstate highway system in the United States. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill into law on June 29, 1956. -
ensure the security of the Nation through the "fullest development of the mental resources and technical skills of its young men and women -
ruled that the state of Arkansas could not pass legislation undermining the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. -
gives the District of Columbia the right to participate in presidential elections and elect electors to the Electoral College. -
case established that a criminal defendant in a state court has the right to an attorney, even if they cannot afford one, meaning the government must provide a lawyer for them if they need it -
This act realigned American politics and ensured the vote for Black people. -
the US Supreme Court ruled that police officers can stop and frisk suspicious individuals without probable cause for an arrest -
prohibits the federal and state governments from imposing poll taxes or other taxes on voters in federal elections. -
This act ended racial discrimination in employment, public accommodations, and federally funded programs. It also strengthened voting rights and desegregated schools. -
a federal law that abolished the national origins quota system in U.S. immigration policy. -
established when and how police must inform people of their rights. The case addressed two parts of the Constitution -
in case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. -
A federal human rights law -
case involved a group of high school students in Des Moines, Iowa who were suspended for wearing black armbands to school as a silent protest against the Vietnam War, leading to a Supreme Court decision that affirmed students' First Amendment right to free speech in public schools -
was about whether burning an American flag is protected by the First Amendment as symbolic speech -
it lowered the voting age for all Americans to eighteen years, having previously been twenty-one years for the longest time. -
forbids any changes to the salary of Congress members from taking effect until the next election concludes. -
was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court unanimously ordered President Richard Nixon to deliver tape recordings and other subpoenaed materials related to the Watergate scandal to a federal district court. -
a tax cut that President Ronald Reagan signed into law in August 1981. -
A federal human rights law -
it centered on whether it is constitutional to impose the death penalty on a person who committed a crime when they were under the age of 18, ultimately ruling that executing juveniles violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment