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Average ltime spent in school <82 days
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Initially failed and was attempted three more times. Advanced public schooling for select few. No schooling for blacks and only 3 years for girls. Radical idea that the Democratic republic required educated individuals.
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Published to begin uniting 13 colonies into one nation. Taught students about the United States.
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Found the education to be based on taxes and fees paid by parents. A system of inequality.
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A Catholic Bishop protests the Prodestant learning that was in Pulbic schools. Asks for Government funds for Catholic schools.
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rioting over the use of the Prodestant Bible (King James) in pubic schools. !3 dead and Catholic church burned to the ground.
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Suite brought by 90 black parents. The board investigated and found poor conditions, but there was no reulting action
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Made teaching respectable for middle class women. Fufilled the desperate need for teachers out in the Western States.
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Mr. Roberts on behalf of his daughter tried to enroll daughter in 5 schools closer to his home and was denied based on race. Ruled against by Chief Justice Shaw.
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Largest alternative to public school in the United States
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Law passed in Massechusetts
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4 million American slaves freed and ready to be educated. (all ages)
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The father of progressive education. Wrote this book attacking rigid school system. He thought that school should be a hospital place for children
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National Supreme Court upholds segregation
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Split shift system used
Adult education on nights and weekends
Work/ Study/ Play system -
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Mayor Mitchell on NYC inplementing Gary plan in a number of schools. Riots break out - 5000 people in the streets. Mitchell will lose the next mayoral race due to backlash.
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As a result of WWI burned German books. 35 states teach English only in the schools and American History that celebrate US heros.
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States reuqire school enrollment till 16 years old
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Topeka, Kansas 13 black parents banned from enrolling children in local white schools. Sued Board of Education of Topeka
went to the Supreme court. -
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Criticized progressive education - advocataed return to traditional systemn. Believed we required an intelligent citenzery
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Ruling of the court in 1896 overturned in favor of desegregation
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Unanimous vote that seperate is not equal.
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Resulted in dramatic shift in education toward Math and Sciences
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Eisenhower sent Federal troops to enforce law
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In response to launch of Sputnik. Federal government poured $100 million/year into public education. Preparing students to reach the moon.
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Almost no desegregation of faculty
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Banns discrimination based upon race or ethnicity in any Fed. program - mainly public schools. Possible loss of federal funds for noncompliance
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Increase in Fed funds. First four years $4billion to disadvantaged students.
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Mexican American issues an attempted presentation fails as school board adjourns with a hearing. Next day 500 students walk out within a week 2/3 of high school walks out of school. Federal mediators are brought in - no changes - board says when funds are available
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Fed money for students where their first language in not English
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Fed $ withheld
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City Students would also be buses out to Suburb school. 800,000 students affected. Judgement struck down by Supreme Court in 1974. Thurgood Marshall dissented.
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Smaller alternative public schools housed within a building. East Harlem was consistently scored the lowest time after time before adopting this model within 13 years it tested in the middle of all schools in NYC
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400 students to use public money to attend private nonsecular schools - low income
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High Tech curriculum
decrease art and music
Using same amount of funds and still make a profit -
thought to be a violation of the seperation of Church and State
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limited voucher plans in Milwaki, Cleavland and Florida
Students using public funded vouchers 0.03% -
Total public schools in US 90,000
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