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chapter 1 (theories)
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individuals show both continuity and developmental change over time (theories)
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the biological system is all of the nerves, organs, and central system
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continuity(theories)
refers to the stability in characteristics from one period of life to another -
developmental change(theories)
refers to patterns of growth and reorganization -
the psychological system(theories)
includes those mental processes central to a person's ability to make meaning of experiences and take action -
life expectancy (theories)
Life expectancy is a statistical projection of the number of years one can expect to live.the life expectancy is 78.7 -
chapter 2
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biological system(theories)
includes all the processes necessary for the physical functioning of the organism and for mental activity -
id(theories)
including instincts and impulses, is the primary source of physic energy, and exists from birth. -
superego(theories)
includes both a punishing and rewarding function. conscience includes behavior that are wrong and ego ideal if for behavior that is right. develops at age 5 to 6. -
societal system(theories)
The societal system includes social roles; social support;culture, including rituals, myths, and social expectations; media; leadership styles; communication patterns; family organization; ethnic and subcultural influences; political ideologies and forms of government; religions; patterns of economic prosperity or poverty; conditions of war or peace; and exposure to racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination, intolerance,or intergroup hostility. -
ego(theories)
the idea of the ego of a person's self, ones physical self, self-concept, self esteem, and mental representations of the self in relation to others. the second idea is one self to the environment. develops at 6 to 8 month and doesn't fully develop until age 2 to 3. -
psychosexual(theories)
the five psychosexual stages are oral, anal, phallic, latant, and genital stages. -
chapter 4
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fertilization(prenatal)
fertilization is when sperm enters in an egg and becomes a zygote. -
major milestones in first trimester(prenatal)
fertilization, growth of amniotic sac and placenta, formation of body parts, differentiation of sex organs, initial formation of nervous system, forms a heartbeat. 3 month average size 3 in 2/5 oz. -
major milestones of the second trimester(prenatal)
sucking and swallowing, skin ridges on fingers and toes, hair on scalp, eyebrows and limbs, sensitivity to light, tastes, and touch, 6 month average size 10 in 4 lbs. -
major milestones in third trimester(prenatal)
nervous system matures, mechanisms for regulation body temperature, more efficient digestion and excretion, degeneration of placenta towards the end of the ninth month, 9 month average size 20 in 7 to 7 1/2 lbs -
case study(prenatal)
this case study relates to the theories and developmental stages because in the case study the father is feeling overwhelming happiness which is talked about in the chapter for how having a baby can cause extreme happiness in the family as well s other emotions. -
birth(prenatal)
birth is initiated by involuntary contractions of the uterine muscles which is called labor. -
chapter 5(first 24 months)
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apgar score(first 24 months)
in the first minute of birth and then again at 5 minutes the newborn life signs are evaluated using the apgar score to see if the baby needs medical attention. -
motor functions/ development(first 24 months)
motor development refers to all the changes in a child's ability to control and direct movement. Reflexes are important for the first 24 months of life because it can help an infant survive. reflexes are a reaction to a voluntary response without any thought due to stimulus. -
sensor motor adaption Piaget (first 24 months)
according to Piaget theory, infants use the sensor motor adaption in order to survive. this is because from the earliest days of life infants use their reflexes to make contact with the environment. -
the 6 phases of sensormoter causality(first 24 months)
the six phases are reflex, first habits, circular reactions, coordination of means and ends, experimentation of new means, and insight. -
communication(first 24 months)
infants see, and hear people talking, making gestures, and combining language with actions. infants may not be active partners in the spoken language they still communicate by gazing, smiling, cooking, and coordinated play. -
trust vs. mistrust( first 24 months)
Basic trust is a child's expectation that his needs would be met by caregivers and the world is a safe place. Distrust is the result of unmet needs whereby the impression is formed that the world is difficult or unreliable. -
infants can communicate with cooing and babbling
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chapter 6(age 2 to 4)
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landmarks of motor development(ages 2 to 4)
by age 2 through 6, children can walk, run, jump, throw and catch, pedal, and steer. -
dynamic systems theory(ages 2 to 4)
five factors to support the emergence of motor skills are, physical characteristics of limbs, joints and muscles, changes in body weight and mass, new capabilities in the central nervous system that improves coordination, the natural of behavior goals, and opportunities of repetition and practice. -
language milestones(ages 2 to 4)
toddlers around this age can put together two word sentences and use different vocabulary that they hear or recognize by their environment. -
locomotion(age 2-4)
locomotion plays a central role in a toddlers psycho social by helping their ideas become actions by fostering new interactions with the social and physical environment. -
autonomy vs shame and doubt( ages 2 to 4)
Toddlers who are encouraged to explore and do things on their own will develop autonomy, whereas those who are overly restricted will feel shame and doubt, leading to a lack of independence and confidence. -
around the ages of 2 children learn to run along with other motor skills
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chapter 7( ages 4 to 6)
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moral development(ages 4 to 6)
early moral development involves a process called internalization, which means behaving according to the parents standards, rules, and values, without external monitoring or constant reminders. -
5 theoretical perspectives in moral development(ages 4 to 6)
the five are learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, psychoanalytic theory and object relations theory, and evolutionary theory. -
stages in moral judgement(ages 4 to 6)
the stages are pre-conventional(based on reward and judgment), conventional( based on whether authorities approve or disapprove), and post-conventional(based on moral judgement). -
understanding gender(ages 4 to 6)
four components of understanding gender are correct use of gender labels, gender is permanent, gender is constant, gender has a genital bias. -
initiative vs. guilt( ages 4 to 6)
If the child is placed in an environment where he/she can explore, make decisions, and initiate activities, they have achieved initiative. On the other hand, if the child is put in an environment where initiation is repressed through criticism and control, he/she will develop a sense of guilt -
case study #2
this case study talks about obedience and how that has affected her as a child and how it is in her relationship with her grandmother. she talks about how she was afraid to disobey her grandmother because she thought she was in trouble. -
children learn that gender is permanent and cant change
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chapter 8(6 to 12)
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friendship(6-12)
friendship helps for a meaningful dynamic with the peers and helps with group relationships, are participating in larger peer networks -
peer approval(ages 6 to 12)
there is a need for peer approval becomes a powerful force to conformity or the ability to fit in. this can cause the feeling or loneliness if a child cannot fit into his or her peers. -
rejection( ages 6 to 12)
rejection can cause a child to have aggression often referred to bullies, or withdrawal tend to be anxious or inter personally reserved. -
components of concrete operational thought(6 to 12)
the components are conversation(ability to apply the identity operation, classification(ability to categorize objects on some common dimensions), computational skills(ability to understand that number represents quantities). -
industry vs. inferiority
industry the feeling of being complete, content, and happy. inferiority, the feeling of being useless, discouraged, and insecure. -
rejection can cause many emotions
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