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Louis XVIII, king of France
Louis XVIII was King of France and Navarre between 1814 and 1824,[b] being the first monarch of the Bourbon Restoration in France -
Charles X, king of France
Charles X was King of France from 16 September 1824 to 2 August 1830 -
Louis Philippe, king of France
Louis Philippe I, nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of France from 1830 to 1848, the penultimate monarch of France and the last to hold the title of "King". He abdicated the throne during the French Revolution of 1848, which gave rise to the Second French Republic. -
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree on a possible new design for the European political and constitutional order following the fall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Waterloo Battle
The fight was between the French army, commanded by Napoleon, and some British, Dutch, and German troops. Napoleon lost. -
Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy
Victor Emmanuel II was King of Sardinia from 23 March 1849 to 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent and united Italy since the 6th century. -
Independence of Greece
The Greek War of Independence was a successful war of independence fought by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire. -
Independence of Belgium
The Belgian Revolution was the conflict that led to the secession of the southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium. -
The Zollverein
The German Customs Union was a free trade zone established in 1834, through which tariffs were abolished between the members of the German Confederation, with the exception of Austria. -
France Second Republic
The Second French Republic was the second republican government of France. It existed from 1848 until its dissolution in 1852. -
Revolution of 1848, the Spring of Nations
The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations [ 2 ] or the Spring of Nations, were a series of revolutions across Europe over the course of more than a year, from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date. -
France's Second Empire: Napoleon III
The Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was the government of France between 1852 and 1870. It was established on 2 December 1852 by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, President of France during the French Second Republic, who proclaimed himself Emperor of the French as Napoleon III. This period was marked by significant achievements in infrastructure and the economy, while France reasserted itself as the dominant power in Europe. -
Wilhelm I, Kaiser of the II German Reich
William I of Germany was King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and the first German Emperor from 18 January 1871 until his death. -
Battles of Magenta and Solferino
The Battle of Magenta took place near the town of Magenta, in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, a Crown territory of the Austrian Empire, during the Second Italian War of Independence. It resulted in a Franco-Sardinian victory under Napoleon III against the Austrians under Marshal Ferenc Gyulay. -
Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
The King of the Two Sicilies was overthrown by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860, after which the people voted in a plebiscite for the annexation of the Kingdom of Sardinia. The annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies completed the first phase of Italian unification, and the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861. -
Danish-Prussian War
The Second Schleswig War, or the Second Schleswig War, was a military conflict between the Austrian Empire and Prussia and Denmark in 1864. Denmark was defeated, forcing it to cede Schleswig-Holstein, which was then annexed by the other two powers. The war ended on October 30, 1864, when the Treaty of Vienna formalized Denmark's cession of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein, and Saxe-Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria. -
Austrian-Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian War was a military conflict fought between June 14 and August 23, 1866, between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. Prussia had also allied itself with the Kingdom of Italy, linking this conflict to the Third War of Independence for Italian unification. The Austro-Prussian War was part of the Austria-Prussia rivalry and resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states. -
French Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War was a war fought between 19 July 1870 and 10 May 1871 between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with the support of the North German Confederation and the allied kingdoms of Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg. -
Spanish Liberal Biennium