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The English Parlament
After the expulsion of the Stuart dynasty from the throne, the parliamentary monarchy appeared. This political system removed powers to the king such as the approval of laws, create new taxes or collect them without the approval of the parliament, in addition to the king guaranteeing a series of rights to the citizens, (this was written in the Delcaración de Derechos of 1689) -
enlightment
Intellectual current of the 18th century that questioned the principles of the old regime -
absolutism
Political system in which the king is considered a god represant so he was above the law.
In order to exercise power, the monarchy had a number of officials and a powerful army.
The kings applied, to measure the economy of a country, the mercantilism q was based on the amount of gold and silver q possessed. -
la sociedad del siglo XVIII (1º part)
The society of the eighteenth century was characterized by being estamental ie divided into groups of which you could not leave.
The nobility, which could be high (kings, princes ...) or low (counts ...) (some became very poor) depending on their economic position, they enjoyed privileges. The noble positions were hereditary and could not be sold.
The clergy that could be high(bishops, archbishops ...) or low (monks, priests ...) -
La sociedad del sigloXVIII (2º part)
The third state, formed by the peasantry (these were the poorest and worked in the lands of the nobles) and the bourgeoisie (formed by medical merchants ... some came to obtain great wealth but remained without privileges because they had not been born noble) -
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Elightment / Ancient regime
Period in which the current political system was the old regime, characterized by a state society(divided in three groups that were: nobility,clergy and the thoird state), and an absolute monarchy(which means that the king possessed all the powers his opinion mattered more than of the rest.After ,several monarchs imposed enlightened despotism,form of government in which the king maintains all power although making reforms for the progress of his subjects."All for the town but with out the town". -
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Improvements in navegation
The first channels appeared (1770-1830).
Also in 1807 Fulton created the first steam-powered -
Montesquieu
Charles Louis de Secondat, Lord of the Brède and Baron de Montesquieu he borns in Château de la Brède, the 18º of January of 1689 and he ides in Paris the 10º of february of 1755.
He was one of the greatest philosophers of the Enlightment.
He defends the separation of powers which means that the power does not fall on a single person but is divided into different charges and institutions.
He was a jurist too. -
The Agrarian Revolution
due to better agricultural tecnics (like the iron plow and new machines)and better agrarian structures,and the reform of the cattle raising. -
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The Industrial Revolution
Begans in Britain in the second half of the the XVIII century,divided in two phases. -
Steam machine
James Watt creates de steam machine -
Tea Acts
The English parliament granted the sale of the tea to the English company of the East Indies.
this harmed the Americans who mutinied a boat loaded with tea (the rio of the tea). -
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American Revolution
It began in 1775 with George Washington at the head of the 13 colonies against the United Kingdom and ended in 1783 after the victory of the colonists at the Battle of Saratoga and Yorktown.
The contest ended with the peace of Versailles.
The causes of the American Revolution were:
the commercial monopoly of the United Kingdom that impeded the commercialization with the challenge of America, the political tension and the Tea Acts. -
Thomas jefferson
He was born the 13º of april of 1743 and he dies the 4º of july of 1826.
He was the 3º president of the United States.
He was the principal author of the Declaraiton of Independence.
He was a powerfull advocate of liberty and a spokesman for democracy.
He is cosidered one of the American founding fathers. -
Declaration of Independence of America and Virginia Bill of Rights
Thomas Jeffersonwrout the Virginia Bill of Rights.
the 4 of july of 1776 the 13 colonies meet in philadelphia and drafted the Declaration of Independence of America. -
Voltaire
He was born in France the 21º of november of 1694 and he die the 30º of may of 1778.
He was one of the greatest philosopher of the Enlightment.
He was famous for his advocacy of civil liberties,including freedom of religion and separation of church and state. -
Jean-Jaques-Rousseau
He was born in switzerland (Ginebra) the 28º of june of 1712 and he die the 2 of july of 1778 in France (Ermenonville)
He was one of the greatest philosophers of the Enlightenment.
He defend the idea taht sovereign should be in peoples hand.
He was at the same time a writer, pedagogue, philosopher, musician, botanist and naturalist,
He was one of the earliest writers of pre-Romanticism.
He's political ideas influenced the french revolutiion. -
Saratoga and Yorktown battles
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Steam loom
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the constitution is approved
In philadelphia de 4º of july -
Constituent assembly and ball game
In 1789 thegeneral states met in Versalles with a claims notebook.
In june they proclamate de National assembly,but later in the ball game room they consolidated the Constituent assembly. -
assault on the Bastille
The town of Paris, the 4º of july of 1789, assaulted the Bastille (symbol of absolutism) and in rural areas the peasants attacked the castles of the nobles.
Since then, July 14 is a national holiday. -
ball game and the assault on the Bastille
14º of july in Paris -
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French Revolution
It was a social and political conflict.
Which begins with the self-proclamation of the third state as a national assembly and ended with the coup d'état of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799.
The causes of the revolution were the social crisis, the political crisis, the economic crisis and the financial crisis that were experienced previously. -
Adam Smith
He was born in the united Kindom(Kirkcaldy)the 16º of june of 1723 and he die in Scotland (Edimburgo) the 17º of june of 1790.
He argued against the regulation of trade and defended a free-market economy.
He si considered the father of economic liberalism and capitalism.
He is best known for his work The Wealth of Nations -
Constituent assembly
1789-1791
It abolished feudal rights, approved the declaration of rights of man and citizen.
In 1791 a constitution was promulgated. -
Legislative assembly
in 1791 the legislative assembly was constituted which faced the opposition of the nobility and the clergy who resisted losing their privileges.
For his revolutionary ideas Austria and Prussia declared war on France in 1792. -
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Girondina Convention
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the Girondina Convention
After the revolt of 1792 the national convention was created, which abolished the monarchy. The beginning of the revolution gave way to the radical and popular phase of the French Revolution.the group with more strength of the revolution ufe the girondino (the high bourgeoisie), and the Jacobins (low bourgeoisie who opposed census suffrage had a radical liberal character) and the Sans-Cullotes (the poverty group that was in agreement with theJacobin revolutionary ideas). -
Louis XVI
He was born in Versalles the 23º of august of 1754 and he dies the 21º of january of 1793.
He was the king of France and Navarra when the monarchy was overthrown,during the french revolution.
He supported the colonist in the American war of Independency.
In september of 1792 the new National Convention abushes the monarchy and declared france a republic.
He was jound guilty of tireason and he was executed on the gullotine.
After his death the powers declared war on France. -
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The Sans-Culottes Convention
The fear of the defeat of the revolution provoked a coup d'etat of the Sans-Culottes against the Girondins in June the 1793. The sans-culottes (or mountaineers) were led by Robespierre. -
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Sans-Culottes convention
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Maximilien Robespierre
He was born in Arras the 6º of may of 1758 and he dies in Paris the 28 of july of 1794.
French lawyer and politician.
who become leasder of the jacobinos during the French Revolution.
He become dictator during the Reign of terror,eliminating allthose considered enemies of the revolution.
He was executed at the guillotine
He was one of the most influential figures of the French Revolution. -
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The directory and end of the Revolution
To avoid more dictatorships such as Robespierre, the constitution of 1795 was approved. It recognized national sovereignty, census suffrage and the separation of powers, the legislative power was exercised by two cameras, and the executive by the Board. -
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The directory and end of the Revolution
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George washington
He was born in Virginia the 22 of february of 1732 and he dies in virginia the 14 of december of 1799.
He was the 1º presidenyt of the United States of America.
He was UU.SS. military leader during the American revolution.
He is considered one of the father's of the American revolution. -
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The Napoleonic Empire
The objective of Napoleon was to achieve a united Europe under his authority and abolish the estamental.se society was worth an imperialist policy and b of a modern army.logro form a large empire ruled by him and his family or military confidence. The opposition he found by invading England (War of Independence), the failure of the Russian campaign and the energetic action of England failed their imperial pretensions. Failure to try to block England by sea. -
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Napoleonic Empire (2º part)
Napoleón was banished to the Isle of Elba after being defeated in Leipzig (1813). In 1815 he returned to France as emperor in the Empire of 100 days. He was banished to the Island of Saint Helena after being defeated in the battle of Waterloo, (here he died in 1821).It supposed the extension of the liberalism by Europe.
In his legacy Napoleon left us: a civil code, the Bank of France and regulate relations with the church getting for example a secular education. -
The Demografic Revoltion
due to health improvements, better nutrition and progress in hygiene the peoples live better and more years. -
first half of the Industrial Revolution
Appeared the first factories, which had machines, which separated the workshops of the competition. I modified the way of working, thus appearing the division of labor.
There was a rural exodus and migrations abroad in search of work. -
modern blast furnaces
It impulse a lot the siderurgical sectror -
the factories
The most important industrial sectors were textiles and iron and steel, which were very neesitados due to the need for clothing and metals for the manufacture of machines. They appeared the looms moved by steam and the modern blast furnaces that improved the production of the metals -
battles of Trafalgar,Austerlitz and Jena
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Steamboat
Pyroscaphe d'Abbans -
Battle of Leipzig
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steam locomotive
created by stephenson -
the congress of vienna
A conference was held in Vienna attended by the great powers (Russia, Prussia and Austria) chaired by Metternich to ensure a lasting peace. In the congress the map was remodeled:
France returned to its original borders.
states were created -tapon around france.
the powers divided the lands of France equally.
Se consolidaron una seri de alianzas:la Santa Alianza y la Cuadruple Alianza. -
Battle of waterloo
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Congress of Viena
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The restoration
Stage of retreat to the old regime after the fall of Napoleon, cracaterizada by:
Monarchical legitimacy, (returned the monarchs of the old regime or their heirs), international responsibility, (which allowed the great powers to intervene in a country in case of possible revolution) and the congress system (the great powers met to resolve common problems). -
James Watt
He was born in Scotland the 30º of January of 1736 and he dies in England the 25º of august of 1819.
The improvements made to the Newcomen machine gave rise to what is known as the steam engine, which would be fundamental in the development of the first Industrial Revolution, both in the United Kingdom and in the rest of the world. -
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The Revolutions betwen the 1820 and the 1830
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Napoleón Bonaparte
He was born in France the 15º of august of 1769 and he dies in the Island of Santa Elena the 5º of may of 1821.
He was a military political leader.
He ruled France from 1799 and become emperor from 1804 and king of Italy in 1805,until 1814 when he was exiled to the Isle of Elba.
He defended some liberal ideas,although he controlled all the powers in France.Napoleonic army invaded different europeans countries,creating the Napoleonic Empire. -
railway
Stockton-Darlington was the inventor.
In 1814 the line was invented for the transport of the mines and later in 1825 the first passenger transport line was inaugurated.
The improvements make the railway better,fasther ,safety and cheap. -
The revolutions of the year 1848
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George Stephenson
He was born the 9º of june of 1781 and he dies the 12º of august of 1848.
Was a British civil engineer and civil engineer who built the first public rail line in the world that used steam locomotives and the first rail line with passenger transport that used steam locomotives -
steam plow
Fowler -
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The Italian Unification
the peninsula was divided into several states, which had in common the culture and language, which ended up forging a sense of unity.
Italian unification went through different phases:
in 1859 Cavour managed to get France to support Italian demands against the Austrians who in exchange for Piedmont would give him Savoy and Nice. -
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Italian Unification (2º part)
between 1860 and 1861 the south of iutalia was linked to Piedmont after the expedition of the red shirts that were born with Naples and Sicilia.Victor Manuel II was named king.
1766 Piedmont was annexed to Venice.
in 1870 the Piedmontese took advantage of the withdrawal of the French from Rome to seize it and make it their capital although the Pope did not recognize it. -
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German unification
In 1815 the congress of Vienna grouped 39 states thus forming the Germanic Confederation, presided over by Austria.
The german Unification went through a series of phases:
1º phase(1864).
The authority of denmark under and Prussia invaded and annexed to these territories.
2nd phase (1866-1969) Prussia faced the other great German state, Austri, and conquered after the Battle of Sadowa (1866) and formed the Confederation of North Germany. -
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German unification
3rd phase (1870-1871) bismark signed an alliance with the southern German states. As France did not want to annex to Germany, Bismark faced France in a war. Emperor Frances Napoleon 3rd was defeated by the Prussians and was forced to give up the Territories of Alsace and Lorraine.
In 1871 the 2nd reich was inaugurated and William I was crowned emperor.
Germany became one of the world powers. -
Abraham Lincoln
He was born in Kentucky the 12º of february of 1809 ad he dies in Washington the 15º of april of 1865,(he was assesinated).
He was the 16º president of the United States.
His presindency was dominated by the American civil war (1861-1865)
He defend the emancipation of all slaves and preserved the Union during the American civil war.The nished the 9º of april of 1865,and He was one of the greatest americans leaders. -
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
He was born in Besanzón the 5º of january of 1809 and he dies the 19º of january of 1865.
Was a French political and revolutionary philosopher, and, along with Bakunin, Kropotkin and Malatesta one of the fathers of anarchist thought and his first economic tendency, the mutualism. He was also one of the strongest opponents of the advancement of women's rights in the nineteenth century, declaring his physical, intellectual and moral inferiority. -
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Second Industrial Revolution
New sources of energy appeared: electricity and oil.
the iron, chemical and electrical industries were promoted.
The anonymous companies came into play and the capital was divided into shares.
Banks became a key element and financial capitalism was born.
Companies concentrated sales by making pacts: Cartel, Holding, Trust.
They began to apply new systems of work such as serial production, and chain work, and in the agrarian sector, Taylorism. -
Mijaíl Bakunin
He was born in the russian empire the 30º of may of 1814
and he dies in Switzerland the 1º of july of 1876.He was a Russian anarchist. It is possibly the best known of the first generation of anarchist philosophers and is considered one of the fathers of this thought, within which he defended the collectivist thesis and atheism. -
Karl Marx
He was born in Treveris the 5º of may of 1818 and he dies in Londres the 14º of march of 1883.
He was a philosopher, economist, sociologist,journalist,intellectual and Prussian Communist militant of Jewish origin.In his vast and influential work he covers different fields of thought in philosophy,
history, political science,sociology and economics;His best-known writings are the Manifesto of the Communist Party (co-authored with Engels),The Capital and The Eighteenth Brumaire by Luis Bonaparte. -
Friedrich Engels
He was born in Prussia the 28º of november
and he dies in london the 5º of august of 1895.
Friend and collaborator of Karl Marx, was coauthor with him of fundamental works for the birth of the socialist, communist and union movements, and political leader of the First International and the Second International. -
Thomas Alva Edison
He was born in Milan the 11º of february of 1847 and he die in New Jersy the 8º of october of 1931.
He was an entrepreneur and a prolific American inventor who patented more than a thousand inventions and contributed to provide, both to the United States and Europe, the technological profiles of the contemporary world: the electrical industries, a viable telephone system, the phonograph, movies, etc.
