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After losing his father's kingdom, Babur set up base in Kabul and started raiding India
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He pillaged Hindustan, and killed anyone who refused to pay tributes of Gold and produce.
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The birth of Babur's first child, and next Mughal emperor- Humayun
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Following the birth of his son, his raids on India intensified.
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Babur took his army of around 12,000 men to Punjab. They took cannons and Matchlock Muskets, which were supplied by the ottoman Turks. They easily defeated Sultan Ibrahim, who was ruler at the time
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Babur send his son, Humayun to seize Agra and take the treasures, while Babur himself goes to Delhi to visit gardens, shrines and palaces. He was proclaimed emperor and went to Agra. He decided to stay in Hindustan, instead of returning to Kabul.
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Panipet-**** Babur invaded Northern India, and won the Battle of Panipet. To celebrate, he built a Mosque and garden where they won, which was the first Mughal Building in India
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Babur treated the mother of his enemy (Sultan Ibrahim) with respect. He allowed her to remain in Agra, and gave her a pension. She persuaded the cooks to sprinkle poison into his food. Babur was ill, but cured himself with opium and milk. The cook who put the poison into the dish was skinned alive, though Ibrahim's mother was shown mercy.
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In spring, Rana Sanga and his army, the Rajput Confederacy, marched to Agra in an attempt to create a Hindu empire in Hindustan. This attempt was ultimately unsuccessful, and Rana Sanga was wounded, but managed to escape. Again, Babur's use of firepower helped his victory
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In 1528, Babur gave a feast in the court in Agra. It was attended by his wives, children, and loyal followers. He gave gifts to those who served him, and there was dancing, wrestling, and animal fights alongside the food and wine.
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Babur is most remembered for three things:
1. Creating a walled garden next to the river in Agra.
2. Starting to build a large library of books
3. Making an Autobiography from the notes he made during his travels. -
After his father (Babur) died, Humayun took over at the age of 22.
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When Humayun ascended into power, he let his 3 half brothers rule over a provenience each. All of the half-brothers wanted to seize power for themselves though, and gave Humayun trouble during the first year of his reign.
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In 1930, Babur began suffering from a bowel disorder. He died on the 26th of December.
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Humayun was interested in astrology, and rules were based on his spiritual beliefs
- His court was based on the cosmos
- The branches of his administration were organised according to the natural elements
- He identified each day of the week with a different planet.
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Humayun started to make the foundations for a new city called Din-panah in Delhi. He wanted the city to be a centre for learning and thinking
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Bahadur Shah (ruler of Gujarat) to the south
Bahadur invaded Afghanistan, but the Mughals pushed them back, and captured Champanir for themselves. They withdrew from Gujarat without taking it due to Humayun's indecisiveness. -
Sher Shah (ruler of Bihar) to the east
Sher Shah was a growing threat to Humayun after 1537. The Mughals faced them in Chausa in 1539 and were defeated. Humayun almost drowned in the Ganges river. -
After the battle, Humayun was exiled.
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In 1541, Humayun and his followers tried to gain military support from Sindh in the south. Sindh didn't want to offend Sher Shah, so did not provide the support Humayun wanted.
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After being denied help from Sindh, Humayun went to Rajasthan to ask for assistance from him. Again, he was denied, and they had to leave through a desert.
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Humayun's 14 year old wife (A persian girl called Hamida) was pregnant during the time in the desert. She gave birth to Akbar (future Mughal ruler) in October, giving Humayun an heir.
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In July of 1543, Humayun started to go towards Kandahar, to ask his half-brother (Askari) for aid. He didn't even reach Kandahar before Askari's hostile troops started to approach. Humayun was forced to flee.
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Humayun got to Persia in 1544, and Shah Tahmasp let him stay, gave him clothes, and food. In return, Humayun gave him Jewels. In Persia, he met two painters that he convinced to move to Delhi.
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With the added military force from Shah Tahmasp, Humayun went to confront his brothers. He easily managed to take Kandahar and Kabul. He couldn't bring himself to kill his brother, so instead he blinded him.
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Sher Shah was ruler of Hindustan whilst Humuyan was is exile, but in 1545, Sher Shah was killed in an explosion. His successors weren't able to rule as well, and Hindustan was split into four provinces.
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Humayun managed to take control of Punjab in Northern India.
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In 1555, Humayun managed to reclaim Delhi. He managed to do so, and the Mughal empire was re-established
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Humayun returned, and started his reign again
He built the Sher Mandal, which was a octagonal building and was used as an observatory and library.
He started to develop administration, based on Sher Shar Sur's sensible methods. He died in 1556 when he slipped and cracked his skull. -
Akbar was 13 when he became emperor. He was very different from his father, and was more ambitious and determined. For the first 5 years of his reign, Bairam Khan helped him, and ruled on his behalf.
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In the years that Bairim was ruling for Akbar, he started expanding the Mughal empire, and teaching Akbar skills, like shooting and Hunting.
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In 1560, Bairam Khan stepped down, after Akbar started to assert his own power (Fuelled by Adham Khan- his foster brother). Bairam Khan went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, but was killed by hostile forces.
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After Akbar's death in 1605, Jahangir took over. The painting is a painting of him, holding a picture of Akbar, meant to represent the power transfer. -
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Jahangir set out 12 rules at the start of his reign:
1.Stamp-taxes and Port-Dues were forbidden.
2.On roads where robbery frequently took place, shelters were ordered to be built.
3.No one was allowed to open merchant's packages without consent, and Property was allowed to be inherited.
4.Wine and Liquor were forbidden to be made or sold.
5.No one can seize the house of another and no more cutting ears or noses off of criminals.
6.Owners of land were not allowed to take the property of peasants. -
- More hospitals were ordered to be built.
- After his birthday each year, however old he was, that number of days afterwards, no animals were allowed to be killed.
- On Sundays (and one other day a week) It was forbidden to kill animals.
- General confirmation of commands and fiefs.
- Confirmation of grants.
- All Prisoners were released, to symbolise the new start of the empire.
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During the first year of his reign, Jahangir set up a 'Chain of Justice'. This was around 60 bells which stretched from the red fort in Agra, to the river below it. It premise of this was that if anyone had been denied justice from their local ruler, they could pull the cord, and the emperor would hear their case.
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