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José Martí
He was a Cuban poet and politician. He was a democratic republican, essayist, journalist and philosopher, he was the founder of the Cuban Revolutionary Party and organizer of the Cuban War of Independence. His goal was to put an end to Spanish colonization and prevent the expansion of the United States in Cuba. -
Antonio Maura
He belonged to the conservative party, he was a Spanish politician, president of the Council of Ministers five times during the reign of Alfonso XIII. Maura modified the electoral law and the local administration to put an end to caciquismo but he did not succeed. In 1913 he abandoned the leadership of the Conservative Party, breaking the unity of the party. -
José Canalejas
belonged to the liberal party, was a Spanish liberal and regenerationist politician and lawyer. He was president of the Council of Ministers and applied social reforms, but his most controversial measure was the padlock law, which limited the establishment of new religious orders in Spain. -
Primo de Rivera
He was a Spanish dictator and military man who ruled the country between , after leading, on September 13, 1923, a coup d'état that had the approval of the monarch himself, Alfonso XIII. As soon as he took power, he suspended the 1876 Constitution and established a dictatorship that, in a first phase (until 1925), took the form of a military directory and, later (until 1930), a civil directory, chaired by the same. -
Winston Churchill
British conservative politician and statesman and was British Prime of the UK, . After France was occupied by the German war in 1941, leading the nation to victory. He is considered the greatest politician figure in 20° Army, Churchill's speeches stirred Britain to keep fighting until the US and the URSS joined the war -
Benito Mussolini
He was an Italian politician and leader of the Italian Fascism (1883-
1945). We can locate him in Pedappio (Italy), in Italy, during the Contemporary Age and
Fascism. He was the Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 4943. In March 1919, he formed the
Fascist Party. He organised the armed squads known as <<Black Shirts>>, that marched on.
Rome in 1922 forcing King Victor Emmanuel lll to invite him to form a government. Italy and allied Italy with Nazi Germany and Japan in WWIl. -
Alfonso Xlll
On May 17, 1902, the king turned 16 and was declared of legal age; and he took over the power. During World War I; Alfonso XIII maintained the neutrality of Spain. In October 1919 he entered Spain into the League of Nations and supported the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera from 1923 to 1930. -
Adolf Hitler
Politician and leader of the Nazi Party (1889-1945). We can locate him inBraunau am inn (Austria), in Germany, during the Contemporary Age and Fascism. He was German chancellor from 1933 to 1945. He used his position to impose a totalitarian characterized by agressive nacionalist and xenophobic policies. His policies precipitated and the Holocaust. -
Chiefdom
Caciquism was consolidated in Spain during the Restoration. The caciques were in charge of controlling the votes of all the people, which was the basis of the political alternation that the Restoration demanded. The Cánovas minister was the most important conservative cacique and great fixer of elections -
Charles de Gaulle
French general, leader of the free French during WWll. After the end of the war he becames president of French. -
Mao Zedong
He was the Chinese communist politician leader and founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) . He was a founder member of the Chinese Communist Party. He fought against Japan during WWII and against the Kuomingtang Nationalist Party during the CIvil War. The Communist defeated the Kuomingtang in 1949 and Mao proclaimed the founding of the PRC. He introduced a ''Chinese form'' of communism with a great influence in south easterns Asia. Related to Cold War. -
Nikita Kruschev
He was the leader of the USSR form 1955 until 1964. He lived in the USSR . He succeed Stalin and promoted peaceful coexistence between the US and the USSR. He presided over the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 which brought the world to the brink of the nuclear war outbreak. He was forced to retire by his soviet elite opponents. He attempted to pursue a policy of coexistence with the west. Related to Cold War. -
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Cuban independence movement
The War of Independence restarted on February 24, 1895, after the Grito de Baire. The war ended in August 1898, after the entry of the United States into the conflict and the rapid defeat of Spain. After three and a half years of US occupation, Cuban Independence was proclaimed on May 20, 1902. -
The Disaster of '98
The loss of the last overseas territories. The Disaster of 1998, caused by the war with the United States, marks the end of the last overseas possessions and of what was the Spanish Empire. -
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Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War was an 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. -
Paris treaty
This treaty ended the Spanish-American war and for it Spain abandoned its demands on Cuba, which declared its independence. The Philippines was officially handed over to the United States for twenty million dollars, and Puerto Rico became American property as well. -
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Constitutional Reign of Alfonso XIII
constitutes the period of his personal reign in which King Alfonso XIII adhered to the role conferred on him by the 1876 Constitution, although he did not limit himself to playing a symbolic role but actively intervened in political life, especially in military matters, thanks to the relatively wide powers enjoyed by the Crown. -
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The tragic week
There was a popular insurrection in Barcelona. The trigger was the sending to the war in Morocco of troops made up of popular classes, since the wealthy classes paid to avoid military service. Barricades were erected in Barcelona and churches and convents were burned. -
Ronald Reagan:
He was an actor and republican politician and the 40th US president from 1980 to 1989, He is regarded as a key figure in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. After that, Reagan and Gorbachov made important nuclear disarmament agreaments meaning the end of the Cold War. Reagan presided over a period of economic growth in the 1980s and over the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union. Related to Cold War. -
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The crash of 1917
Several things happen this year, such as the discontent of the military against discrimination in promotions, the political protest, the assembly of parliamentarians in Barcelona that demanded autonomy for Catalonia and the union movement that called a general strike. -
John F. Kennedy
He was a democratic politician, he was the 35th president of the US from 1960 to 1963 . His years in power were marked by foreign affairs caused by Cold War tension. He introduced some domestic reforms, most of all to expanding the civil rights of African Americans. He was the USA’s youngest president and inmensely popular leader who was assasinated before he completed his 3rd year in office. Related to Cold War. -
Adolf Hitler founds the Nazi Party
The National Socialist German Workers' Party, abbreviated as the NSDAP, known colloquially as the Nazi Party, was a political party active in Germany between 1920 and 1945 whose ideology was National Socialism. Its predecessor was the German Workers' Party (DAP), which existed between 1919 and 1920. -
Weimar Democratic Republic.
Following the failure of a communist regime in Germany, elections were held for a Constituent Assembly. This approved in 1919, in the city of Weimar, a Constitution by which Germany became a Democratic Republic. -
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The radicalization of the labor movement
Between 1919 and 1923, influenced by the Russian revolution, workers' protests intensified. Businessmen responded by closing businesses and hiring gunmen, and the government with harsh police repression. -
Spartacist insurrection
It was an attempt to seize control of Berlin and replace the transitional government with a radical socialist regime. The uprising was launched in January 1919 by the Spartakusbund, a group of radical socialists led by Karl Liebknecht. It failed due to the intervention of the military and Freikorps units, which mobilised to defend the government. -
National Fascist Party
It was founded by Benito Mussolini in Italy. It had the following ideological features: opposition to democracy and communism, submission of the individual to the state, existence of a single party, cult of violence, monopoly of the media, propaganda, state control of the economy, defended inequality between populations and the glorification of war and militarism. -
March on Rome
Mass demonstration of fascists who occupied a large number of buildings in the Italian capital of Rome. It can be placed in Italy, in October 1922, during the Contemporary Age. They were supported by a large part of public opinion. They demanded power for Mussolini and got King Victor Manuel Ill to appoint him as Head of State. It supposes the assault to the power of the Italian fascists -
Munich Putsch
Adolf Hitler staged a coup but failed and was imprisoned. -
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The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
was the political regime that existed in Spain from the coup d'état of the Captain General of Catalonia, Miguel Primo de Rivera, on September 13, 1923, until his resignation on January 28, 1930 and his substitution for the "dictablanda" -
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The dictatorship of Stalin
He reach the power after Lenin's death. -
Mein Kampf
"My fight". Book written by Hitler that collects all his ideology. We can place it in Germany, between 1924 and 1925, during the Contemporary Age; in the context of fascism and democracies. He wrote it in prison, while he was sentenced by the Failed Munich Coup. I expose ideas such as expansionism and point out allusions and communists as the main enemies of Germany. It is the bedside book of Nazism. -
Fidel Castro
He was the leader of the Cuban Revolution that finished with Bautista's dictatorship in 1959.He lived in Cuba during the 20th century (Contemporary Age). His communist domestic policies, military and economic relations with the USSR led to strained relations with the US that culminated in the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. In 2008 he left power in the hands of his 76 years old brother Raúl. He created a communist state in America that still exists today. -
Mijail Gorbachov
He was the last General Secretary and head of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, 20th century (Contemporary Age). His domestic reforms and nuclear disarmament deals helped end the Cold War. Reagan and Gorbachov made important nuclear disarmament agreaments that signalled the end of the Cold War. He tried to revitalise the Soviet Union on 2 plans: Glasnost: To transform the stalinist soviet regime into a more modern social democracy. Perestroika: to restructure the soviet economy. -
The night of the long knives
Adolf Hitler ordered the assassination of his rivals within the NSDAP -
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Appeasement
Policy carried out by France and Great Britain. We can place it in Europe, in the 1930s, during the Co #temporary Age and the WWII in the context of fascism. He was tolerant of the expansionist attitude of Germany and Italy. at the Munich Conference of 1938, they accepted the annexation by Germany of the Czechoslovak region of the Sudetenland. The tolerance towards fascist expansionism only served to encourage their ambitions, which caused the outbreak of the SGM. -
German annexation of Austria
German troops march into Austria to annex the German-speaking nation for the Third Reich. -
Night of the Broken Glass
The Night of Broken Glass consisted of a series of acts of vandalism perpetrated by the Nazis against Jewish people and their property. More than 300,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps -
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World War II
It involved the vast majority of the world's countries.forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies(the main countries were URSS, USA and Uk) and the Axis powers( the main countries were Germany, Italy and Japan). It had finished with the surrender of Japan and the victory of the Allies. -
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Seclusion in the ghettos
The Nazi authorities promoted seclusion for Jews and created ghettos, neighborhoods in cities where the Jewish population was forced to concentrate. -
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Holocaust
Name given to the massive genocide committed by the Nazis during the WWII. Also known as Shóa (the catastrophe). It consisted of the extermination) or planned and planned systematic of the Jews. Homosexuals and gypsies were also exterminated. We can place the Jewish genocide in Germany and German territories, from 1941 to 1945, during the WWII, in the context of fascism. International Holocaust Remembrance Day is January 27, the day the Auschwitz camp was liberated. -
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Non-aggression pact
Pact that Germany and the USSR signed, in which they promised not to attack each other while Hitler conquered territories. However, later there was a war between these countries. Hitler ensured peace on his eastern front while fighting in occidente.Stalin gained time to prepare for the German invasion In addition, some European territories were divided in the center and east, such as Poland. Later, Hiller attacked Poland, which led to WWII. -
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Axis offensive
It consists of a lightning war carried out by Germany with which it manages to conquer a large part of Europe -
France and the UK declare war on Germany
Britain and France declare war on Germany in response to Hitler’s invasion of Poland, Britain and France, both allies of the overrun nation declare war on Germany. This mean the outbreak of WWII -
Italy attack north Egitp
On September 13, 1940, Mussolini’s forces finally cross the Libyan border into Egypt, achieving what the Duce calls the “glory” Italy had sought for three centuries. -
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers staged a surprise attack on U.S. military and naval forces in Hawaii. In a devastating defeat. The day after the attack, before a joint session of Congress, President Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan. -
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers staged a surprise attack on U.S. military and naval forces in Hawaii. In a devastating defeat.The day after the attack, before a joint session of Congress, President Roosevelt asked Congress for a declaration of war against Japan. -
Final solution
he Nazi “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” (“Endlösung der Judenfrage”) was the deliberate, planned mass murder of European Jews. It occurred between 1941 and 1945. It was, and is, often referred to as the “Final Solution” (“Endlösung”). The “Final Solution” was the tragic culmination of the Nazi persecution of Europe’s Jews. As such, it is a key component of the Holocaust (1933–1945). -
Alamein Battle
The First Battle of El Alamein (1–27 July 1942) was a battle of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, fought in Egypt between Axis forces (Germany and Italy) of the Panzer Army Africa (Panzerarmee Afrika) (which included the Afrika Korps under Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) Erwin Rommel) and Allied (British Imperial and Commonwealth) forces (United Kingdom, British India, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) of the Eighth Army (General Claude Auchinleck). -
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Cold War
System of international relations after the WWII characterized by the rivalry between 2 superpowers that sought to control the world. Two blocks will be formed, the western one, led by the US with capitalist idealism, and the eastern one, led by the USSR with communist ideology. The discreet war between the 2 superpowers would not break out due to fear of nuclear holocaust, since it was based on threats involving nuclear weapons. -
UN
International political organization (United Nations Organization) It was created after the SGM, to guarantee peace agreements and become a forum for global debate. In the UN Charter approved at the San Francisco Conference, these objectives are included: world peace, defense of human rights, equality among peoples and improvements in the standard of living, I experience difficulties due to the polarization of international relations during the Cold War -
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Nuremberg trials
Trials undertaken by the victorious powers after the end of the SGM, to determine the guilt of the Nazi leaders and their collaborators . They were found guilty of crimes against peace (treaty violations), war crimes (bombings) and crimes against humanity (genocide. Some culprits were sentenced to death, others to life imprisonment or temporary sentences. In Japan, the Tokyo Trials took place , to try the guilty Japanese.They exerted great influence on others celebrated later. -
Iron curtain
Expression coined by Churchill in a speech at a Missouri university in 1946 referring to the threat that all of Eastern Europe would fall under Soviet control. Churchill pointed out the need to stop Soviet expansionism by force. This speech was harshly replied by Stalin and criticized by Western sectors since it was almost a declaration of war. -
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Greek civil war
War between the communist partisans supported by Yugoslavia and the USSR against the monarchists with British support. Both USA and USSR had interests in Greece -
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The Tokyo Trials
were a series of international legal proceedings carried out by the Allied Powers at the end of World War II, in which the actions undertaken by the members and leaders of the Japanese empire during the Second Sino-Japanese War were determined, sanctioned and judged. the Second World War. -
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First part of the cold war
The two main crisis in this part were the Berlin blockade and the Korean War -
End of the civil war in China
The Chinese Communist Party defeats the Kuomintang and takes power, its leader Mao Zendong proclaims the PRC. Later he signed a mutual aid treaty with Stalin. -
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COMECON
(for its acronym in Russian, Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) It was an economic cooperation agency of the communist bloc between its countries. It was created by the USSR (as a response to Western initiatives of cooperation and economic integration and had the objective of promoting trade between the countries of the communist bloc. -
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military organization led by the US, which not only controlled it, but also guaranteed its military presence in Europe, . It was created in the Cold War (Contemporary Age). It was intended to guarantee aid to member states in the event of an attack. It is a clear example of the isolationist policy that the US adopted after the WWII, developing a network of alliances to guarantee the security of the countries of its bloc. -
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The korean war
Battle between North and South Korea in which the UN offered support to South Korea since the USA took advantage of the absence of the USSR in the UN. Ended with the armistice of Panmunjon -
Armistice of Panmunjon
End of the Korean War. The border is controlled by the UN. -
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Pacific coexistence
From the end of the Second World War and until the end of the 1950s, the world lived in fear of the threat of a devastating nuclear war due to the imperialist competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. Stalin's death in 1953 determined the establishment of a new concept of international relations. John F. Kennedy, President of the United States and Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet Prime Minister established a commitment to coexistence in peace based on the following aspects -
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Second part of the Cold War
In 1953 there was a change of leadership of the two superpowers. General Eisenhower assumed the US presidency and Nikita Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the CPSU. A new stage was opened in the relations between the two blocs, which was called peaceful coexistence. However, despite lowering the tension between the superpowers, there were localized crises -
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Warsaw pact
Founded by the USSR, it was a military alliance between the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe. Its objective was to guarantee help to its members in case of attack. The USSR not only controlled it but used it to repress any internal dissidence. Disappears in 1991 immediately when the USSR dissolves. -
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Berlin Wall
Wall erected by the Soviet authorities of the GDR in 1961 (Contemporary Age) with the aim of preventing the flight of the population of the GDR to the FRG, separating East Berlin from West Berlin. It was the division of the city for more than 30 years. It was destroyed on November 9, 1989. -
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Peaceful Coexistence
2nd Stage of the Cold War characterized by the relaxation of relations between the 2 superpowers i. After the Missile Crisis, this phase of tolerance began between the two superpowers, maintaining their respective spheres of influence and satellite countries. The thaw in relations resulted in a permanent dialogue between the US and the USSR. Internal rebel movements also appear in each bloc against the leadership of the USSR and the US. -
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Thirt part of the cold war
The main crisis was the Vietnam war -
US increases its presence in South Vietnam
In South Vietnam there was a communist guerrilla, the Vietcong, supported by the North Vietnamese regime, which threatened to overthrow the government. The US alarmed by a possible increase in communist influence and its spread throughout Vietnam. -
Prague spring
La Primavera de Praga fue un periodo de liberalización política y protesta masiva en Checoslovaquia como estado socialista después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Comenzó el 5 de enero de 1968, cuando el reformista Alexander Dubček fue elegido Primer Secretario del Partido Comunista de Checoslovaquia (KSČ), y continuó hasta el 21 de agosto de 1968, cuando la Unión Soviética y otros miembros del Pacto de Varsovia invadieron el país para reprimir las reformas. -
China replaces Taiwan in the UN
On October 25, 1971, Chile and 75 other countries voted in the UN General Assembly in favor of resolution 2758, which decided to "restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China and recognize the representation of its government as the only representative China's legitimate interest in the United Nations. At the same time, the same resolution decided to remove Taiwan from the organization -
SALT I TREATS
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty or ABM Treaty was an agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union to limit the number of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used to defend certain locations against nuclear-loaded missiles. -
US withdrawal from Vietnam
US finally left Vietnam after seeing his defeat. -
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Part four of the cold war
It finished with the disolution of the URSS. Stand out the conflicts in west-south Asia -
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Yom Kippur War
The Yom Kippur War was a war waged by a coalition of Arab countries led by Egypt and Syria against Israel. -
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in support of the country's communist government, born a year earlier and immersed in a civil war against mujahideen insurgent groups. The age-old Afghan irreducibility and international support for the Mujahideen would prolong a bloody conflict for nine years that would not only end in Soviet defeat and precipitate the fall of the USSR; it would also foster the rise of the Taliban and the establishment of a new international order after 9/11. -
The islamic revolution in Iran
The Islamic Revolution, which in 1979 marked the end of the shah's regime and established a new regime in Iran, was an unprecedented and surprising event in the history of the 20th century. -
Nicaraguan Sandinista Revolution
It is known as the Popular Sandinista Revolution or simply the Sandinista Revolution, the process opened in Nicaragua between July 1979 and February 1990, led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (named after Augusto César Sandino) that put an end to the dictatorship of the Somoza family, overthrowing the third of the Somozas, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, replacing it with a government with a progressive left profile. -
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Mijail Gorbachov reach the power
During his government he dismantled the USSR and made treaties with the USA -
Departure of the soviets from Afghanistan
The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan under the leadership of Colonel General Boris Gromov in the last period of survival of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan due to the increase in mujahideen factions that they were anti-Soviet and anti-communist. Planning for the withdrawal of the Soviet Union (USSR) from the war in Afghanistan began shortly after Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. -
The fall of the Berlin Wall
The fall of the Berlin Wall ( German: Mauerfall) was a pivotal event in world history which marked the falling of the Iron Curtain and one of the series of events that started the fall of communism in Eastern and Central Europe, preceded by the Solidarity Movement in Poland. -
Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
The new eastern governments were less in favor of maintaining the Warsaw Pact than the previous ones, and in January 1991 Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland announced that they would withdraw on July 1 of that same year. When Bulgaria withdrew in February, the Pact was effectively dissolved. The official dissolution, accepted by the Soviet Union, was formalized at the meeting in Prague on July 1, 1991. -
START I treat
START I was a treaty between the US and the USSR that consisted of self-limiting the number of nuclear missiles that each superpower possessed. It was proposed by then US President Ronald Reagan, and finally signed by George H. W. Bush. On the Soviet side, the signatory was Mikhail Gorbachev. -
Dissolution of the USSR
The dissolution of the Soviet Union or the dissolution of the USSR consists of the disintegration of the federal political structures and the central government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), culminating in the independence of the fifteen Republics of the Soviet Union between on March 11, 1990 and December 26, 1991.