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First exposition of the rocket equation based on Newton's third law of motion: Treatise on the Motion of Rockets which was made by the Great Britain
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First clear telescopic photograph of another world: the Moon. By the USA
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First pictures of Earth from 105 km by the united states
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First animals in space (fruit flies) by the United States -
The first rocket to pass the Thermopause and enter the Exosphere. At 682 miles (1,097.57 km) altitude and 3,335 miles range, the 3-stage Jupiter-C breaks both records and achieves MACH 18 velocity. by USA
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First human-piloted space flight (Alan Shepard)
First human-crewed suborbital flight
First human space mission that landed with pilot still in spacecraft, thus the first complete human spaceflight by FAI definitions. -
First woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova) by the URSS -
First close-up photographs of another planet: Mars by the USA -
First human on the Moon, and first space launch from a celestial body other than the Earth
First sample return from the Moon. In the mission apollo 11 by the Nasa in the USA -
First consistently inhabited long-term research space station
