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He received his doctorate in physics in 1860 with his thesis “On electrical charge and induction”.
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Born 18 May 1872 Trellech, Monmouthshire, United Kingdom
Died 2 Feb 1970 Penrhyndeudraeth, Caernarfonshire, Wales, United Kingdom) -
Mach advanced the concept that all knowledge is derived from sensation; thus, phenomena under scientific investigation can be understood only in terms of experiences, or “sensations,” present in the observation of the phenomena.
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Science of Mechanics is a historical-philosophical account of the development of the branch of physics, which according to Mach is “at once the oldest and the simplest.” Using penetrating historical analysis and concrete examples, Mach develops his views on general methodological questions.
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Principia Mathematica is a herculean attempt to demonstrate mathematically what The Principles of Mathematics had argued for philosophically, namely that mathematics is a branch of logic.
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Carnap developed dissertation for the philosophy of space and time. Carnap’s work was influenced by Kantian philosophy. He recognizes the difference between three kinds of theories of space: formal, physical and intuitive.
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This work highlighted the nature of light, the problem of the ether, the quantum theory, and so on; they are confined to those older parts of the subject which are adequately treated on the basis of the undulatory theory of light.
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Der logische Aufbau der Welt, translated as The Logical Structure of the World, is one of Carnap’s major works, published in 1928. In the book he argued that all scientific terms are definable by means of a phenomenalistic language.
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In 1934 he published his second major work, Logische Syntax der Sprache, translated as Logical Syntax of Language. It gives the foundations to his idea that scientific language has a specific formal structure. He introduces his notable principle of tolerance, suggesting that there is no moral in logic.
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Born: February 18, 1838, Brno, Czechia-
Died: February 19, 1916, Munich, Germany -
Russel's first political work, German Social Democracy. Though sympathetic to the reformist aims of the German socialist movement, it included some trenchant and farsighted criticisms of Marxist dogmas.