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The Tariff of Abominations, very high tariffs on imported goods, helped to protect Northern industries from foreign competition and benefited them as a result, the South, specifically South Carolina's, agricultural interests suffered as they exported cotton and imported finished goods, but the cost for imports was too high. This would lead to South Carolina feeling as if they were being targeted, as it was unfair that the North benefited from this tariff at the cost of the South's goods.
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Vice President John C. Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, arguing that states should have the right to nullify federal laws they see as unconstitutional. He saw this as a shield for states against the federal government due to the federal government having a lot of power over the states. Tariffs of 1828, which only benefited Northerners at the cost of the South. Calhoun based his argument on the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
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The Webster-Hayne Debate was between Senator Hayne of South Carolina and Senator Webster of Massachusetts about state rights versus federal rights. Hayne supported Calhoun and said nullification would help protect states from federal laws. Webster argued that only the Supreme Court could decide if a law was unconstitutional and that the Union was made by all the people, so it couldn't be divided. Both sides had strong reasoning in the Nullification Crisis.
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The Tariff of 1832 was an attempt to reduce some of the tariffs as a way to fix the Tariff of Abomination to help the South. However, the South did not like this, especially South Carolina, which said that the tariffs were null and void; this would begin the nullification crisis, as it was unconstitutional and hurt the South's economy.
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South Carolina declares the Ordinances of Nullification were a response to the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, as it was null and void within the state's borders and hurt the economy of the South. It also threatened to withdraw from the Union, as it was only hurting its economy. South Carolina would start to prepare as they were organizing their state army. This would also be the first time for the state to threaten nullification and secession from the federal law.
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The Proclamation was addressed to the people of South Carolina, as the governor of South Carolina had proposed the increase of the state army and wanted to withdraw from the Union, which they were pushing for through the Ordinances of Nullification. Jackson had stated in the proclamation that the nullification goes against the Constitution. Also, he warned South Carolina that if they supported the nullification, then he would have to enforce the law on them, as it goes against the Constitution.
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The Force Bill was a law passed by Congress in order to give the President the ability to use the military as a way to enforce a response to the Nullification Crisis, specifically in South Carolina, because if not enforcing the law, then it would cause the union to be a disunion. This law would give Jackson the right to use military action for his threat.
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The Compromise Tariff was Henry Clay's plan, as he proposed that tariffs be reduced in order to avoid a war. The plan was to reduce the tariffs in the next decade to the same level as in 1816. During this time, the Force Bill was also passed, and the repeal of nullification meant that the Force Bill would be reserved too. Neither side won, but it stopped a war. The state versus federal was still not over.