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Political decis° of Otto stating that hv to keep on running with Erp. But to do that had to massvly use foreign experts which € -
- Otto Emp: Sultan Abdùlmeid; wsn't doing so good, missed the indzt°
- Russia: Nicholas I; dreams of expans°
- Egy: Saïd Pasha; under Otto rule but d't care, tried to reconnect with Erpn modernity
- Fr: N3; mixing indz° with emprlsm
- UK: Queen Victoria; only vaguely democratic country atp
- Persia: Naser al-Din Shah Qajar; sm prblm as Otto
- India: East India Co
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Still had lots influence. Brit was still in imperialism of free trade (=point was for ppl to accept buy Eng goods)
Wr scared of Rss and of its possibility to invade India -
Eng had right to arrest judge ppl in Persian Gulf
= proves Brit's influence power + how trade flow was their 1 only goal -
Rss in 19th=rapidly expding pwr; arg was to ctrl all holy places
This war is 1st massive return of Fr Br's presc in reg° + was covered by illustrated press (- connected to a larger scale) -
Autumn 1854
= end of Crimea war aka of Rsn presc who got deftd by Fr Brit who wr fighting for Ottoman pwr -
Forced Otto to be mr relgs open, accept trade...
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1st step of Brit in Gulf
Persia d't want the canal project in Egy of Ferdinand Lesseps -
Point was to create an archlgcl excavt° soc whs job was to explore Palestine.
Funded by War Office (Pal=close to futur Suez) + many wealthy radical ppl - Evangelicalism (with eschatological views) who thus needed to convert the jews for good end of times -
Mutiny inside Indn army which blew out. Brit freaked out, thousands of killings exct° of Indns.
Md Brit realise how little ctrl they hv - chgd to a mr central gov -
Mount Lbn=extrmly diverse, in 60 thr was an increase of masscrs of dift religs grps
This was the 1st Erpn (Fr Br) humanitarian interven°, out of idea to protect christians. It wrkd, Otto had to create spcl province for chr (legacy of tdy Lebn) -
Man-made (obvsly). It was a radical chg
- accelert° of time of connec° = clash of temporalities
- mr ppl moving - global fam life, mr tourism + new mobility (passports, id, fllwing rules...) = redefine who has the right to transport. New mobility crushed the old one (Bedouins, gypsies...)
- most now forced to fllw Erpn timing - mny had defense devlptlsm (=undrstd that mdrnz° is necessry but u're on defsv) -
- Brit is modelling part of the reg°
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Reuter gathrd info thru telegraphs then sell it to Brit
= Private compagnies in-crowding in lifes of on site ppl -
Badly hit Otto Br as wr deeply indebted
3 y later, Otto got bankrupt and their debt only kept rising (as banks d't gv out loans anymr) -
Defs dev created new elite who wtd mr standing
Vaguely based on Erp
Lasted only 2y -
Thx to newspapers wr reports of the massacres - ppl r shocked by that - public matter - demand ac°
= Gladstone adrssd this geopltcl concern as center of his politics, idea that Br had to tk ac°
Key mmt of Orient bcming part of Q -
At the end of the Russo-Turkish war (1877-1878)
Br wrote a secret treaty -
Negotia° of Afghnstn was litrly md with pencils on map
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1880-1881
X for relgs reasons, mr intrstd in canal, trrtry, fear of Otto Emp falling so look at Mesopotamia as pssbl sub-clny -
Less abt theory, mr abt practicality. Full on Imprlsm
Thr r shades of Imperialism, esp in the "clnzd" who also r Emp
Even with all its shades, it never went without oppost° -
Belv in strong rlgs leading
Vry strong mvmt, compltly humiliated Br Egy
(= Madhist resisted Eng power) -
Started with bombardmt of Alexandria cuz of nationalist revolts which was a threat to Br's dictature Suez Canal
Post 1882: Br "secrtlty" contrld country -
Transfrmt° of Otto
Asking for Constitu°, preparing to dethrone -
Arabic spking elite Q what an Arabic revival wld lk lk = Nahda (revival, agnst Ottomns°, trying to find mdrnty for Arabic spking -being Arab is center-, created sense of natnlism)
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1891-1892
Agnst Brit's presc in the market
- proof how rising Br's grip -
Offcl Afgh crea°
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Armenians incrsd terrorist attacks on Otto, they wr seen as threat cuz might lead other countries to go agnst them too. So decided to kill them
But got phtghd - circult° of phtgc evidc unveiling extent of masscrs - little public support for Otto -
In Basel
1 of leaders: Theodor Herzl; mr abt historical legacy than rlgs
Not abt creating Israel, simply idea of a nat° as Jews had no clear na°lstc beliefs
Aim was to protect revive -
Br in Suddan - incrsd their presc in ME
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Cuz of oil:
- complete chg of dynamics (ex: 360 by Arabia)
- Q constitu°: who has right to represent country
- € starts to flow to previous disconnected places from globlz°
- Q id
- layers of imprslm
- ME presc felt in Br itself: students, goods, mosques, grps... -
Eastrn Q is no longer a Q, know that Otto Emp is no mr
In 20th most boundaries r +/- settled - travel is complicated - nat° gets mr defined
Interna°l relt°ps r mr devlpd - try to deal with global prblms - geopltcl voc -
William Knox d'Arcy md 1st attempt at finding oil, found it 5y later
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By Valentine Chirol, a journalist, in his book "The Middle Eastern Q"
Shifted it mr to E and India which was origin of creat° of this Q cuz Fr Br d't wt to Otto Emp to fall (=Otto holds tgthr wide variety of ppl, they fear replacements), so they incrsd their involvmt -
Wtd to solidify India's frontiers, point was to not fight in India (that's why created Afgh as buffer state or Kuwait to ctrl the Delta)
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By young new thinkers. Miserably failed
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Quite successful, got a hybrid gov
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Persia was divided in 2 main zones: 1 for Rss, 1 for Br
Persia had no say (=lost all its power) -
Thx to Russia
Inspired other countries to fight for nat° (- 2 big wars even befr WWI) -
Created by d'Arcy
Found oil in Bakhtiari
Used pipelines to bring it to Eng, for that hv depdc on locals, thus need to be in good rlt° with them -
Last nail in the coffin for Otto
Mill° of killed -
Brit attacked from Persian Gulf to protect oil
Very hard to fight in the reg°, Brit advanced with a lot of diffclty, complete humilit° at beginning
Massive campaign (3K troops on Brit's side), most soliders wr Indian -
March-June
Armn as threat to Otto Emp as r huge part of its ppl° spread in entire Emp
Started with msscrs in villages, then departed to N Syria in horrific condit° -
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Idea=create new front agnst Otto to occupy it stop Ger from mr forces oil
Complete disaster=orientalist views of Otto generals, Mustafa Kemal lead to victory -
To protect Sz Cnl keep road to India open cuz ressrces
Also wtd easy victory to look good in pht - libera° of Jrslm -
With T. Lawrence who promised Hashemites (ruling fam of Mecca) Fayçal huge lands in Arabia if they work for UK but at sm time UK Fr had talks with Rss abt who'll get what por°
Won big sites form Otto, when war ended they even went up to Syria -
Ran to Mosul for oil -
From: Lord Balfour
To: Lord Rothschild, prominent Jewish figr
X offcl doc, it's a declart° of sympathy
Point is: new opportunities arise after Otto's falling + help agnst antisemtsm but it also helps that they blvd Jews to hv a lot of € that by putting them away the war effort of Ger Otto will drop -
Tdy Syria=past Fr Mandate of Syria
Tdy Irak= Br Mandate of Mesopotamia -
Negotiat° of boundaries (1st of Ger, ME only ends in 1924)
It was a false hope for the ppl on the ground. Various ppl sent their idea of ME countries boundaries but they went ignored
1 of biggest winners was Al-Saud with creat° of Saudi Arabia
Mosul was Br but Fr got share of €
- X caliphate, nbdy left to tk relgs posit° -
Turkey: Mustafa Kemal - secularised Republic of Turkey, centralzd westrnzd
Iran: Reza Shah Pahlavi (inflcd by M. Kemal USSR) - unified nat°list ideology, state-directed eco policy, mdrnz°//westrnz°
Saudi Arabia: Ibnn Sa'ud - after conquest of Hejaz in 1925, he unified NejdHejaz in 1932 (=Saudi Arabia)
Egypt: Sa'd Zaghul - under unpoplr UK rule (1919 "rvlt°"), got condit°l indnpdc in 1932
Iraq: 1932 Independence, 1936 Coup d'état, inter-rlgs tens°s, 1941 pro-nazi -
- Nat°lism in Egy, Turkey, Palestine (zionist+elite), Iran. Many of them got intrstd in their antiquity to claim id which hard for some lk Lebanon or Sdi Arbia
- This nat°lism is linked to state building (=dvlp full operating state)
- Rising US/USSR inflc; as well as fascism inflc
- growing interconnectedness
- in UK Q Brit Emp its expans°
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Give mr power to local ppl so they wld ask less of UK
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Br has mandate thr svrl zionist grps within Palstn began doing guerilla/terrorist attacks, 1 fam grp was Irgun, they pressured for creat° of Israel as a state
Arab armies attacked but Israel fought back did the Nakba to kick out Plstns who had to flee never recovered -
During WW2 ME was used for war effort, US increased indstrlzt° in ME (railways, roads, factories...) to keep on having oil, ammo, metal, wood...
UK faces crisis after crisis: India (1946-7), Palestine (1947), ME (1947). They d't hv € to tk care of it keep them as colonies - end 1940s Brit left on its knees -
Structured nat°list mvmt encouraged by India Palstn
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By President Gamal Abdel Nasser (who was superstar)
Unexpected event, Israel attacked, Fr Br wanted to retaliate too but USSR US put pressure on them to stop them - new superpowers