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Socrates was a Greek Philosopher, scholar and teacher from Athens. He is also considered as a founder of Western Philosophy. One of his classical philosophy is 'Have the courage to disagree'. His belief was 'no one chooses evil; no one chooses to act in ignorance' which means that we seek the good but fail to achieve it by ignorance or lack of knowledge as to how to obtain what is good. He also said that one's true happiness is promoted by doing what is right.
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Plato was an Athenian philosopher, student of Socrates, and a teacher of Aristotle. He was considered as one of the founders of Western Political Philosophy. He believed that wisdom is the basic virtue and with it, all virtues can be unified as a whole by someone. He also said that happiness can be attained through the pursuit of certain virtues: Temperance, Courage, Prudence and Justice. One of his classical philosophies is The Power to Rule where he argued that philosopher kings are rulers.
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Aristotle was a Greek Philosopher in Greece. He was the founder of Lyceum, the Peripatetic School of Philosophy. He emphasized that virtue is practical, and that the purpose of ethics is to become good, not only to know. Both him and Plato's moral theory focuses on virtue in where living with virtuous life leads to happiness. He invented Teleology where there is a belief that everything has a special purpose. His "The Golden Mean Principle" states that to be happy, live life in moderation.
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He was an English Philosopher and is considered to be one of the founders of Political Philosophy. He is best known for his book Leviathan. In his theory Moral positivism, in which all moral laws' source is from the laws of the state. It is considered good if it is accepted by the laws of the State and bad if forbidden by the State. According to Thomas Hobbes "All men, among themselves, are by nature equal. The inequality we now discern hath its spring from the civil law".
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Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher. He is one of the most influential figures in modern Western Philosophy. He established the Kantian Ethics in which it focused on individuals' willingness to act for the goodness of others, even though it might result on their personal loss. There are 2 of Kant's Categorical Imperatives. These are: "Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, as always as an end and never as a means" and "Never use people".
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Jeremy Bentham was an English Philosopher, jurist, and social reformer. He was the founder of modern utilitarianism in which this theory, if actions are morally right, they tend to promote happiness and pleasure and if actions are morally wrong then it promotes unhappiness and pain among those who are affected. In "fundamental axiom" of his philosophy that the principle is "it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is measure of right or wrong".