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The Supreme Court denied the right of citizenship to black people. This set the stage, "for their treatment as second class citizens."
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"Black Codes" was a term used to describe laws passes by Sothern governments. These laws gave black people severe restrictions. This led to the beginning of segregation.
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This act aimed to, "provide relief and help freedman become self-sufficient in all areas of life."
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This law guaranteed black people basic economic rights. The goal of this law was to protect all Americans, including black people, in their civil rights.
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The 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship for all persons born in the United States and helped ensure African Americans would have equal treatment.
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These cases, "weakened the power of the Fourteenth Amendment by asserting the most of the rights of citizens are under state control."
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This act prohibited discrimination in places of public accommodation.
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The Supreme Court overruled the Civil Rights Act of 1875. They declared that the, "Fourteenth Amendment does not prohibit discrimination by private individuals or businesses, paving the way fo segregation in public education.
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Jim Crow is the, "former practice of segregating black people in the United States" (Oxford American Dictionary, 2021) This practice ingrained racial separation. (archives.gov)
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In the Plessy v. Ferguson case, "the Supreme Court held that separate but equal facilities for White and Black railroad passengers did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment" (archives.com) This case established the doctrine of "separate but equal" (archives.gov).
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The Supreme Court provided a public school for white children only.
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"The Supreme Court upholds a state's authority to require a private college to operate on a segregated basis despite the wishes of the school."
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Thurgood Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He would become lead counsel in the Brown v. Board of Education case.
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The NAACP became, "the primary tool for the legal attack on segregation, eventually trying the Brown v. Board of Education case."
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The Supreme Court rules that, "states possess the right to define a Chinese student as non-white for the purpose of segregating public schools."
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The NAACP challenged segregation in graduate and professional scools.
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The Maryland Supreme Court, "orders the state's white law school to enroll a black student..." (learningforjustice.org). This was because there were no there law schools for black people to attend in Maryland (learningforjustice.org).
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The Supreme Court, "orders Missouri's all-white law school to grant admission to an African American student."
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Thurgood Marshall was named special counsel for the NAACP.
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"Briggs v. Elliot became one of the cases consolidated by the Supreme Court into Brown v. Board of Education."
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The NAACP legal went into trial.
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Brown v. Board of Education was filed in Federal district court.
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"The Supreme Court announced that it would hear oral arguments in Briggs and Brown..."
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The Supreme Court announced that it would hear all five of the desegregation cases collectively. This showed that segregation was a national issue.
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"The Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, and declared that racial segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment."
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