-
Period: to
Origins of Cold War
-
Tehran Conference
• Suggestion that Soviet Union could regain its 1914 boundaries by absorbing eastern Poland
• Roosevelt did not object this plan when he heard of it -
Moscow/Percentages Agreement
Informal percentages agreement of sphere of influence on Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Yugoslavia
• Greece – 90% British
• Romania – 90% Soviets
• Bulgaria – 75% Soviets
• Hungary – 50% each
• Yugoslavia – 50% each -
Dollar Diplomacy
1945 (Jan, May, Aug & Dec)
Defined as: using financial muscle to extract political concessions Significance:
Eventually, the December 1945 deadline for membership of IMF and World Bank passed without Soviets joining -> this opened up the possibility of a separate economic bloc -
Soviet’s actions in 1945 & the American response
Soviet aggression/(mis)interpreted Soviet aggression in
a) Trieste and Greece
b) Korea (?)
c) Manchuria (in Clifford-Elsey report)
d) Iran (in Clifford-Elsey report) -
Yalta Conference
What was agreed during the Yalta Conference:
1. Stalin did promise to broaden the Lublin Committee through the addition of some London Poles and to hold free elections
2. Divide Germany into 4 zones
3. Reparations to be taken from Germany
4.Soviet to help America in her war against Japan -
Potsdam Conference
Truman> Roosevelt
Stalin
Clement Attlee>Churchill
Agreements made:
1. Occupying power would be entitled to take reparations from its own zone (USSR to take more)
2. Treat the 4 zones as a single economic area -
Atomic Diplomacy
16 July 1945: an atomic bomb was successfully exploded by Americans in New Mexico Dsert Definition: Using the possession of Atomic bombs as a bargaining counter
-> 1. Scaring:threaten to bomb the Soviets
2. Trade: Trade the secret of making the bomb for political concessions -
The Case of Romania
-
Long Telegram
Definition: A telegram sent to the State Department by George Kennan http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/george-kennan-sends-long-telegram-to-state-department -
The 'Iron Curtain' Speech
Definition: Iron Curtain: The name given to the figurative line that divided the communist East from the Capitalist West in Europe
Winston Churchill:
• Explained what Soviets wanted to do behind the ‘iron curtain’
• Needed to learn from the mistakes of ‘appeasement’ (soft to Germany) -
Clifford-Elsey Report
-
The Case of Bulgaria
-
Truman Doctrine
→Definition: A statement issued by Truman to declare that Truman was prepared to support any government providing it was anti-communist
Content in Truman Doctrine:
• “I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support the free people resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures”
• Truman pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey, argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid that they urgently needed, they would inevitably fall to communism -
Marshall Plan
Introduced on 5th June 1947
Approved on 13 March 1948 The Approval/Implementation of Marshall Plan:
Although the Marshall Plan was introduced in 5th June 1947, it was only implemented after the Czech coup which happened in Feburary 1948 – in March 1948. This is because it only convinced the Congress after the Czech Coup, which perceived increase in the level of Soviet threat.
($17billion was immediately poured into Marshall Plan after Czech coup in Feburary 1948) -
Molotov Plan
-
The Case of Czechoslovakia
-
Brussels Pact
-> Led to increase European cooperation and shared military strength
-> The basis for this was that a cooperation between Western nations would help stop the spread of communism Highlighted start of military divide -
Berlin Blockade
June 1948 – 12 May 1949
Estimated=lasted a year All roads, rails and waterway routes to Berlin were cut off and after which, US started that Berlin Airlift US: introduces new currency, Deutschmark
<--> USSR: was the one who introduced old currency, Reichsmark US started Berlin Airlift instead, whereby 200,000 flights were flew to Berlin in 320 days. -
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation The Berlin Crisis had illustrated and highlighted a need for a more coordinated approach by the West to counter Soviet aggression. → An enlargement of Brussels Treaty of 1948 -> An attack on one of its members would be seen as an attack on all -
Soviet Union exploded its first Atomic bomb
-
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact was established in 1955 to counter the threat from the NATO countries
but was primarily motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia
