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Schools were supported by the community only. Students went to school for 2-3 years. Few boys of wealthier went on to Grammar school and even fewer boys continued for a higher education. The New England Primer was used to teach basics through rote memorization.
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Thomas Jefferson proposes 3 years of guaranteed public education for the general public with scholarships for those with more "potential" to gain a higher education.
Voted 3 times and lost 3 times.
He reasoned that education was essential for the success of a democratic community. -
An American approach to training children
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University of Virginia was the first state-supported school of a higher education system.
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Horace Mann was the first such appointed position in the US. His major contribution was reporting the conditions of the MA's schools from his observations of riding horseback from district to district.
*Crusader for Common Schools emphasizing equality. Claiming common schools would be the "equalizer of conditions of men." -
4 month school year / $2.81 spent per child
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A flood of Irish Catholics immigrated to America. Because of the deep Protestant foundation of the US public education at the time, catholics were opposed to sending their children to school. Bishop Hughes lead the movement demanding proportionate funding for a catholic education system.
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Because of the demand for funding for Catholic education, debates were held by school officials. Other religious sects came forward demanding their share as well.
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Riots targeted at Irish Catholics
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Beecher pronounced that women not men should educate children and established schools for training teachers in western cities. She advocated that young ladies find godly work as Christian teachers away from the larger Eastern cities. The Board of National Popular Education which was her idea trained teachers in four-week sessions in Connecticut and then sent them out West. She believed that women had a higher calling to shape children and society.
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7 month school year / $4.80 spent per child
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New York City elected the first Board of Education to appoint teachers, inspect schools and regulate teacher qualifications.
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Frederick Douglass struggles to end segregation after his daughter Rosetta is asked to leave school.
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Benjamin Roberts sues Boston for not allowing his daughter, Sarah, to attend a school closer to her home rather than forced to attend the segragated school. In April 1850, the Supreme Judicial Court issued its ruling in favor of Boston.
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Roberts brought the issue up to the state legislature with the help of his lawyer Charles Sumner and in 1855, the state of Massachusetts banned segregated schools in the entire state. This was the first law against segregated schools in the country.
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With the end of the Civil War, 4 million slaves were finally free to go to school. Congress required that the States provide a public education system.
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$63 million spent
7.6 million students in attendance -
$141 million spent
12.7 million students in attendance
More schools with more students than any other country -
Plessy was charged for sitting in a whites-only rail car. Courts found in favor of segragation, setting the precedence for "separate but equal" segregation laws.
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John Dewey published "School & Society" attacking the current school system. Became known as the "Father of Progessive Education"
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Showed off progessive public school in America, teaching more students than any other nation.
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6% Graduation Rate
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The Gary Plan of schooling, keeping kids in motion moving from class to class, made its way to over 200 schools including all the way to New York City from Gary, Indiana.
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The Gary Plan was seen to prepare students only for the factory.
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Elwood P. Cubberly was the head of education at Harvard Science of School Management, promoting career tracking.
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Lewis Terman created the IQ Test. Russell Robinson, with an IQ of 145, demonstrated the inaccuracies of the IQ test by becoming a successful rocket scientist. The test signaled him to become a YMCA secretary and instead he became a top engineer at NASA.
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$1 Billion spent on education
17% graduation rates -
The Act banned child labor and required children to attend school until age 16.
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45% Graduation Rate (students stayig in school longer)
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Baby boomers filled the schools. Schools took on responsibility of health and vaccinations and encouraged technological training.
3 out of 5 students graduated
50% students went on to college -
17 states segregated schools by law
Average schooling for Mexican-Americans was 5.4 years.
72% of children with disabilities were not enrolled in school.
No female sports or scholarships. -
African-Americans with diplomas - 13.7%
Med/Law degrees awarded to women - .095%
Average school attendance - 9 years -
Linda Brown's father (1 of many) tried to enroll her into an all-white school. Upon denial the NAACP took the case to court regarding unequal education. Court found segregation unequal and banned separate schools. Step in the right direction for education opportunities but had adverse effects on teachers. 30,000 teachers were diplaced because of desegregation.
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Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus brought in the National Guard to keep 9 black students from entering the previously all-white school. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce the law.
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Promoted higher level math and science in response to Soviet's launch of Sputnik.
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As a former school teacher, President Lyndon B. Johnson was a huge advocate for equal education, waging a war on poverty and inequality. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned racial segregation and discrimination on all federally funded programs. Schools would lose funding if they did not integrate!
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The Act increased federal funds to aid disadvantaged students.
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87% of students in Crystal City, TX were Mexican-American.
Most Mexican-American students did not make it to high school. Those who did were discouraged to attend college. Students were frustrated because there culture/language/history was not present in the schools. After not being heard by the school board, 2/3 of the student body went on strike. -
1% of Medical and Law degrees were awarded to women.
7.4% school athletes were women. -
Mexican-Americans made up 4 out of the 7 school board seats. Schools reformed to accept and promote Mexican-American culture and history. Most white students and teachers left but many previous dropouts re-enrolled in school.
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Some of Detroit's city students were bused to the suburbs and suburban students were bused to the city in order to created integrated schools in segregated communities.
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91% of all blacks attended integrated schools.
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Title 9 was modeled after the Civil Rights Act, whitholding funding to schools that discriminated based on sex.
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Female students charged the federal government for not enforcing the law.
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The Supreme Court ruled that the suburbs were not responsible for the condition of the city schools. If a city wanted to desegragate their schools, it was the city's responsibility.
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In East Harlem, experienced teachers were asked to create small, alternative public schools within existing buildings. The experiment created a competition between all the individual schools.
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African-Americans with Diploma - 51.4%
Med/Law degrees awarded to women - 30%
Average school attendance - 12.5 years -
A report commissioned by the Department of Education during the Reagan administration arguing that America was in a "learning crisis." Excellence in Education strategy was developed to place pressure on the states to achieve and measure higher standards. The bottom line became test scores.
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Higher Graduation requirement in 35 states
Annual Cost of Testing - $500 million -
President George Bush Sr. supported the voucher program which was first adopted by Wisconsin.
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Baltimore hired EAI, a private for-profit co., to manage 9 of its public schools. EAI worked to create a competition among service providers and contract workers in order to better manage limited funds. However, the Baltimore experiment failed as not enough emphasis was put into the diverse and in depth needs of the schools academic needs.
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Congress approved $80 mil to construct new charter schools nationwide.
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Public schools were getting creative with ways to save and earn funds, including displaying product logos such as Pepsi and playing commercial-filled Channel 1 News each morning to students.
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Students Schooled at home - 2.5%
Limited voucher plans in operation in Milwaukee, Cleveland and Florida.
Students using vouchers .03%
Charter schools in US - 2,100
Charter schools operated by private cos. - 173
Public Schools in US - 90,000
Public School enrollment - 47.8 bil (almost 90% of students) -
President George W. Bush sponsored the No Child Left Behind Act in order to bring up standards and measurements for achievement.
