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The crisis in Spain (including the deposition of
the Spanish king) undermines Spanish authority over its colonies, setting the
stage for independence movements in New Spain. -
On September 16, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issues
the call to arms in Dolores, Guanajuato, marking the beginning of the Mexican
War of Independence. -
Spanish royalist forces defeat insurgent armies,
forcing the revolutionary movement to regroup and adapt its strategies. -
Insurgent leaders promulgate this constitution as
a framework for self-governance and the establishment of an independent
state. -
After early setbacks, Vicente Guerrero emerges as
a key leader, sustaining the fight for independence in southern Mexico. -
Political changes in Spain (including the
reinstatement of the Cadiz Constitution) influence reforms in New Spain and
open a path toward negotiations with insurgent forces. -
Agustín de Iturbide proclaims a plan based on three
guarantees—independence, equality, and protection of the Catholic
faith—that unites royalists and insurgents. -
Signed on August 24, this treaty confirms Mexican
independence from Spain. -
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