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Naturalization Act of 1790 restricts citizenship excluding Native Americans, enslaved Africans, and other non-white groups.
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Ratification of the 14th Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, overturning the previous exclusionary policies.
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Passage of the 15th Amendment grants voting rights to African American men, though discriminatory practices such as poll taxes and literacy tests persist.
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Chinese Exclusion Act bars Chinese immigrants from citizenship and immigration, reflecting anti-Asian sentiment and labor competition fears.
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Late 19th to early 20th century, Immigration from Europe, including Irish, Italian, Jewish, and Eastern European immigrants, contributes to the diversity of the American population.
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Immigration Act of 1924 establishes national origin quotas, favoring immigrants from Northern and Western Europe while limiting immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as Asia.
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Executive Order 9066 authorizes the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, violating their civil liberties and citizenship rights.
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Brown vs Board of Education ends legal segregation in public schools, a milestone in the Civil Rights Movement challenging racial discrimination and segregation.
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Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolishes national origin quotas, prioritizing family reunification and skilled immigrants, leading to increased immigration from Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
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Loving v. Virginia strikes down laws banning interracial marriage, affirming the rights of interracial couples and challenging racial segregation.
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Immigration Reform and Control Act grants amnesty to undocumented immigrants and strengthens border enforcement, impacting the rights and status of immigrant communities.
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Passage of laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1991 and the Violence Against Women Act (1994) addresses discrimination and violence based on race, ethnicity, gender, and other factors.
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Ongoing debates and legal battles over immigration policy, affirmative action, voting rights, and systemic racism continue to shape citizenship rights and inclusion in American society.