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Pierre-Simon Laplace
Born in Beaumont-en-Auge, France, he formulated Laplace's equation, and introduced the Laplace transform which appears in many branches of mathematical physics. -
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Lorenzo Mascheroni
Born in Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy, he proved that all Euclidean constructions that can be done with compass and straightedge can also be done with just a compass: this is now known as the Mohr–Mascheroni theorem. -
Bayes theorem
Was proved by Thomas Bayes, was studied to get the probability of an event based on prior events. -
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Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier
Born in Auxerre, France, he discovered that any periodic function can be written as an infinite sum of trigonometric functions: a Fourier series.