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Pope Gregory VII sends a representative, Humbert, to Constantinople to convince the Eastern Church to join under the Papacy. This is met terribly, the churches' leaders excommunicate one another and the Great Schism between them begins.
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The Byzantine Emperor Alexius Commenius asks for help from Gregory VII against the Muslim Seljuk Turks quickly approaching Constantinople. This is accepted, but the Investiture Conflict delays action until 1095.
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Alexius Commenius once again requests help from Pope Urban II. As Urban II wants to heal the Great Schism, he heeds the call.
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French troops arrive.
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The First Crusade
A vast army led by French Kingdoms retakes Jerusalem. The cities of Edessa, Jerusalem, Antioch and Tripoli are taken; the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem is formed.
The People's Crusade
Radicalized by local preachers, notably Peter the Hermit, peasants attempt to reclaim the Holy Lands themselves, killing many Jews on the way. Most died in Hungary. Primary Source -
The Crusader States of Antioch, Jerusalem and Tripoli are created; Jerusalem is led by a French Noble Baldwin I. Asia Minor is returned to Alexius. The Orders of the Templars and Hospitallers are established to protect these new kingdoms and the Christian pilgrims visiting them. They later become wealthy due to their proximity to trade routes. The killing of Jews on future crusades is forbidden to prevent the People's Crusade from happening again.
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By the Seljuk Turks, triggering a Second Crusade.
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Led by the French King Louis VII, accompanied by his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. It was unsuccessful.
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By the Kurdish Muslim General Saladin, triggering the Third Crusade.
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Planned by Richard the Lionhearted of England, Philip Augustus of France and Fredrick Barbarossa of Germany, funded by the Papacy and fought by Richard against Saladin; though both were powerful generals, the Christians were eventually given just a strip of coast off Jerusalem. Saladin, as a courteous leader, promised Christians free and safe access to Holy sites. As Jerusalem wasn't recovered, this Crusade was a failure.
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The Crusaders were unable to pay their debts to Venice. Like a true loan shark, the Venetians sent them to restore a Byzantine Emperor. They do, but he refuses to pay them back. Thus they lay siege to the city; The Latin Kingdom of Constantinople is established, allowing Venice to fully control their old trade rival. While technically a victory, this wasn't a Holy War. Primary Source