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Russian Communist Revolution
It led to a Russian Provisional Governement instead of a family autocracy that was in place before. The men and women in Petrograd protested against their working policy because they were not getting paid enough so it led to them being hungry, tired, and especially angry. The city was basically shut down and it is revolutions including this one that ended the last Russian Czar (family) autocracy. -
Period: to
Cold War
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Treaty of Versailles
- Was signed on June 28, 1919 to officially end World War 1. -It reassigned German boundaries and assigned liability for reparations.
- The treaty was written by the Allies with little participation from the Germans.
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League of Nations creation
-The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Switzerland,
-It was created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes. -The U.S. never joined the League. -
Nuremburg Trials
A series of military related trials pertaining to the politcal,military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. The trials were held in the city of Nuremburg. A series of 13 trials that included high-ranking people,line officers, lawyers, and doctors were fined charges such as going against peace and humanity. -
Yalta Conference
-The second wartime meeting of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- During the conference the 3 leaders agreed to demand Germany's surrender. -Stalin agreed to permit free elections in Eastern Europe and also to enter the Asian war against Japan. -
United Nations
A peace making organization that replaced the League of Nations. It was created after WWll to prevent other similar conflicts and to discuss world problems. It started as 51 members, now up to 193. Some objectives include maintaining peace, security, promoting human rights, and protecting the environment. -
General Assembly
- one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and the only body in which every member of the organization is represented and allowed to vote. -The first session of the assembly convened on Jan. 10, 1946, in London, with 51 countries represented
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Iron Curtain Speech
Included the topic of the physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas after WWII. It was separated between the West(allies with U.S.) & East (U.S.S.R. & satellite nations). The speech was given by Winston Churchill. The two sides did not communicate with each other. -
Baruch Plan
An international plan to control atomic weapons being made within the United Nations. It resulted in a dangerous arms race between the U.S.S.R and the U.S. It was only going to be used for protection after WWII and an oversight of all atomic use in the world. -
Truman Doctrine
-People often cite Truman's Address ( Truman's Doctrine) as the official declaration of the Cold War.
-Truman asks for U.S. assistance for Greece and Turkey to forestall communist domination of the two nations.
-Truman told Congress the Doctrine was "to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." -
Marshall Plan
-Channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951.
-The plan is named for Secretary of State George C. Marshall, who announced it in a commencement speech at Harvard University.
-It sparked economic recovery and met the objective to restore confidnce in European people. -
Berlin Airlift
- The Soviets blocked all road and rail travel to and from West Berlin. -In response to the Soviet blockade of land routes into West Berlin, the United States begins a massive airlift of food, water, and medicine to the citizens in West Berlin. This lasted for about a year and the supplies sustained nearly 2 million people.
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NATO created
Known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was an international organization made of the U.S., Canada, Britain and a number of European countries. It was created to spread peace and to form pacts with other countries. -
Chinese Communist Revolution
Known as the 1949 Revolution, was the collaboration of the Chinese Communist Party's drive to find power since its founding in 1921. They rebelled against the weak QIng Dynasty puppet government. It came down to a fight called the Battle of Nanjing and the Red Army and communists won. -
Joseph McCarthy Speech
His speech included 200 members of the Dept.of State who were supposedly "known communists". It created a scare throughout the U.S. and a sense of paranoia about the U.S. government. He never proved evidence that there was even one communist. -
Korean War
-Began when about 75,000 soldiers from North Korea poured across the 38th parallel. This was the first military action of the Cold War.
-Americans joined the war on South Korea's side. It became a back and forth motion across the 38th parallel.
-Even after the war ended in 1953 the 38th parallel still separates North and South Korea. -
Warsaw Pact
- The Warsaw Pact is a mutual defense organization that put the Soviets in command of the armed forces of the member states. -Was established when the Soviet Union and seven of its European satelites signed a treaty in Warsaw. -included the Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria as members.
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Sputnik launched
It was the jump start by the U.S.S R to the space race. It was the world's first artificial satellite that entered space that was the size of a beach ball. It took 98 minutes to orbit Earth and changed all space technology from that moment. -
Fidel Castro Proclaims Communist Cuba
A nationally broadcasted speech was given to announce, under his leadership, Cuba would become a communist state (1961). The U.S. tried the Bay of Pigs invasion but it was unsuccessful to stop communism from spreading. He took over Cuba and used their men for wars and land for things such as the Cuban Missile Crisis. -
Bay of Pigs Invasion
-The invasion begins when a CIA-financed and trained group of Cuban refugees lands in Cuba and attempts to topple the communist government of Fidel Castro, this attack had been a fail.
- Castro had been a concern to U.S. policymakers since he seized power in Cuba with a revolution. -
Apollo 11
The spacecraft that won us the Space Race. We became the first humans to land on the moon including the most famous man on the space craft Neil Armstrong. He was the first step and he said later that it was "one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind". -
Building of Berlin Wall
-Stood as the most tangible symbol of the Cold War.
-East Germany authorized the building of it to block off acess to the west.
-Stood for 28 years as an "Iron Curtain" dividing Europe. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
A scare throughout the U.S. when the U.S.S R. implanted nuclear weapons in Cuba, 90 miles off the coast of Florida. We sent spy planes to look over the land and things were heated for about 2 weeks. We said if they didn't remove the weapons we'd destroy them and we sent out a naval blockade so that no more supplies could get in. They removed the weapons. -
Nuclear Deterrent
The military doctrine that any enemy will be prevented from using nuclear weapons as long as he can be destroyed as a consequence. It was discouraged but if you were willing to use them and possibly have them used against you then that was fine. "When 2 nations both resort to nuclear deterrence, the consequence could be mutual destruction." -
U.S sends troops to Vietnam
-President Johnson ordered troops to Vietnam to provide protection for the airbase there.
-This was the first commitment of American combat troops in South Vietnam.
-China and the Soviet Union threatened to intervene if the U.S. continued to apply its military on South Vietnam. -
Salt 1
-Soviet and U.S. negotiators met in Helsinki to begin the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT).
-The negotiations continued for nearly three years, until the signing of the SALT I agreement in May 1972.
-Talks cntered around two main weapons systems which were ABM and MIRVs -
Non-Proliferation Agreement
An international treaty that had the intentions to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology. It was used to try and spread peaceful uses of nuclear energy or to disarm dangerous nations. There are 5 nations known as nuclear weapon states
and 4 nations who are believed to have them also. -
Kent State Shootings
Occured at Kent State University that involved the shooting of unarmed students by the Ohio National Guard. They killed 4 students, paralyzed one, and wounded 8 others. They were shot for protesting Nixon's "Cambodian Campaign". Hundereds of universities, colleges, and high schools closed due to a student strike of 4 million students. -
Fall of Saigon
Saigon was the capital of South Korea (allies of U.S.). It was taken over by North Korea in addition to communist U.S.S.R. The fall ended the Vietnam war and the country was reunited as a communist nation. -
Pope John Paul II
-President Reagan and the pope shared strong convictions about communism, both believed communism was a moral evil, not simply bad economics. -
Margaret Thatcher
Known as the "Iron Lady" because of her speech about ending the Cold War. Her speech included freeing Poland from communism and domination by the Soviet Union. She gave her opinion on dictatorship and communism and made the U.S. very proud. -
Salt 2
-President Jimmy Carter and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT-II agreement dealing with limitations and guidelines for nuclear weapons.
-This treaty never formally went into effect and proved to be one of the most controversial agreements of the Cold War.
-The SALT II agreement was a result of many issues left over from the SALT I. -
Soviets Invade Afghanistan
Fought between the Soviet-led Afghan forces against a group called Mujahideen composed of the Peschavior Seven and the Tehran 8. It resulted in millions of Afghans fleeing the country to Pakistan and Iran. Hundreds of thousands of Afghan civilians were killed. -
Deng Xiaoping
A politian and reformist leader of the People's Republic of China. He became Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission of the Communist Party in 1982. He also became the nation's chief policy-maker. He encourage market economy and helped lift an estimated 170 million peasants out of extreme poverty. -
Berlin Wall
-President Ronald REagan visits Berlin and urges Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.
-They did not tear it down for another 2 years after that -
MAD
- President Ronald Reagan met Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev for a four-day summit in Russia. -Boris Yeltsin became president and the Soviet Union was officially declared over, dismantled and re-named Russia
- President Bill Clinton pledged continued cooperation with Russia in a New World Order, declaring that the U.S. would no longer point nuclear missiles at Russia,
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Fall of Berlin Wall
-The spokesman for East Berlin’s Communist Party announced that at midnight that night they would be allowing the citizens of the GDR to cross the borders.
- At midnight the citizens of East and West Berlin flooded across the check point -
Lech Walesa
- the polish politician, played a small but significant role in bringing the Cold War to an end. Walesa played a crucial role in organizing Roundtable talks with the party members, his energetic and enthusiastic campaign for Solidarity ensured that it was eventually given legal recognition and opportunity to contest elections.
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Start 1/2
-START I was the first treaty to provide for deep reductions of U.S. and Soviet/Russian strategic nuclear weapons.
-START I proved to be excessively complicated, cumbersome and expensive to continue, which eventually led the United States and Russia to replace it with a new treaty in 2010.
