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Potsdam Conference pt.1
Potsdam conference was not just any conference, it was the last allied conference of WWII. It was held in Potsdam, Germany from July 17- August 2, 1945. It involved the U.S , England, and the Soviet Union. The main concerns the conference dealt with was the administration of defeated Germany, military campaigning against Japan, occupation of Australia, borders of Poland, determination of reparations, and the Soviet Union’s in eastern Europe. -
Potsdam Conference pt.2
To help with the reparations of Europe the allies split up Germany,Berlin, Vienna, and Austria into 4 occupation zones. While the conference was still going on the U.S had threatened Japan to surrender, when they refused, atomic bombs were put on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.The conference over time had lost its true intentions and became more involved with it’s own countries business rather than focus on other issues (Potsdam Conference). -
Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan pt.1
An immediate economic and military aid to the governments of Greece, threatened by Communist insurrection, and Turkey by U.S president Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 because of pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area. During the Cold War the Soviet Union and the United States struggled to find a balance in power. While this was happening, Great Britain announced that it could no longer afford to aid those Mediterranean countries. -
Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan pt.2
To keep the west from fearing that they were in danger of falling under the Soviet Union influence, Truman gave $400,000,000 in response to help. (Truman Doctrine). The Marshall Plan was a U.S sponsored program. This program was made to help the economies of 17 western and southern European countries in order to create stable conditions in which democratic institutions could survive. -
Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan pt.3
The U.S feared that if there was poverty, unemployment, and dislocation of the post-World War II, that the voters in western Europe would start to prefer the communist parties. The actual idea for the U.S to sponsor this was on June 5, 1947. The European Recovery Program was soon after made so the western European economy could be reconstructed. This program was presented by a committee representing 16 countries. -
Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan pt.5
The Marshall Plan was such a hit that in 1949 Truman extended the project to help the less-developed countries throughout the world under the Point Four Program (Marshall Plan). -
Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan pt.4
Aid was offered to almost all the European countries but, Soviets withdrew from participation in the plan. To even further help industrial and agricultural production, establish financial stability, and expand trade the ECA gave over $13 billion in economic aid. During this time period, a rise in western Europe’s gross in national products went up 15 to 25 percent. The plan greatly helped western European’s chemical, engineering, and steel industries as well. -
NATO pt.1
The NATO is an alliance between the United States, Canada, and many more European countries. This alliance was created in 1949 in Brussels, Belgium to be used as a defense against the Soviet Union and its eastern European allies. -
NATO pt.2
The original 12 members of NATO were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Great Britain, and the United States. In the later years Greece, Turkey, Western Germany, Spain, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the treaty bringing the number from 12 to 26. In the early years of NATO they focused on building a base, building connections, and gaining finances. -
NATO pt.3
The U.S was the largest supplier of money. When West Germany joined NATO it shocked the Soviet Union, creating the Warsaw pact. Once NATO’s second term came around military strength was their main goal . From such high prices of putting so many men out to fight, nuclear weapons were the basis of NATO’s defense system. In addition also because of the American nuclear superiority in the early stages of the Cold War. -
NATO pt.4
This build up in nuclear forces was known by some as a deterrent to war because the Soviet Union could easy fight back with more nuclear forces. In the third phase, they increased cooperation and trade with the Soviet Union and the signed the strategic arms limitation treaties. In the fourth phase they spent most of their time creating greater international tensions. -
NATO pt.5
The U.S went and helped Afghan rebels and worked with the Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf to help stop fear of further Soviet actions. The Soviet Union although maintained nuclear missile sites in eastern Europe. NATO planted new nuclear missiles in western Europe. The U.S. and the Soviet Union sent large amounts of military help to opposing forces in Central America, Africa, and other regions to fund civil wars. -
NATO pt.6
Many people also believe because of focus on strategic, it increases the chances of nuclear war. In 1980 they were still focused on a strong military but controversies and political problems got slightly in the way. Many European countries were scared and disliked the idea of having nuclear missiles on their land Although the U.S. argued for the coasts of putting troops out, they still spend vast amounts of money building ships, aircraft, and missiles and researching a missile-defense system. -
NATO pt.7
In the late 1980s while the Civil War was cooling down the Soviet Union began conflict again. They started to let go of economic and political freedom in the Soviet bloc, and anti-Soviet independence movements gained strength. Once the Berlin wall fell in 1980 the reunited Germany joined NATO as a whole. The governments of several Warsaw Pact countries soon fell which drastically changed the political and military relationship between eastern and western Europe. -
NATO pt.8
In July 1990 finally both sides agreed to dissolve their issues "North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)." -
Korean War pt.1
The first major battle over communism was the Korean War containing North and South Korea, China, and the United States. After the Japan lost in war the U.S took charge of the South while the Soviet Union took control of the North. Both countries had very different views on communism, creating a major split between the two sides. In 1948 the two sides officially became two different countries. On June 25, 1950 North Korea went over to South Korea for attack, this created the war. -
Korean War pt.2
While resolutions were trying to be made, the Soviet Union voted against them all. The North kept pushing the South, it got 15 other countries involved and they didn’t stop till October 1, 1950. After that multiple invasion from both sides occurred but didn’t cause any good or bad for either side. 1,300,000 South Koreans, 1,000,000 Chinese, 500,000 North Koreans, and 37,000 Americans died during this war. -
Korean War pt.3
Korea has remained divided into the 21st century. Finally on July 27, 1953 a peace agreement was signed between the two. "Korean War." -
Warsaw Pact pt.1
The Warsaw Pact was made in return of the NATO. This treaty was signed on May 14, 1955, by the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. The treaty lasted to July 1, 1991. The Soviet Union’s goal was to establish a strong defense alliance against potential military/economic threats from the West. Another goal was to strengthen the power the Soviet Union had over it’s Eastern European satellites and to prevent ties with the West. -
Warsaw Pact pt.2
In 1956 there was an uprising in Hungary, but was quickly put down by the soviets. In 1968 Warsaw Pact troops went into Czechoslovakia after it’s government begun lifting restraints on personal freedom. IN 1981 to save Poland from invasion by Warsaw Pact forces, they declared martial law. Soviet troop withdrew from Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary in early 1990. Once Warsaw Pact and NATO declared in November 1999 they were “no longer adversaries,” ending the Cold War. -
Warsaw Pact pt.3
In March 31, 1991 their military structures were disbanded their political arm, and later agreed to disband three months later in Prague (Warsaw Pact). -
Hungarian Revolution
An uprising in Hungary occurred when a speech by speech by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev where he talked about new freedom of debate and criticism in which he was attacking Joseph Stalin’s rule. Soon after a riot of anger in Hungary broke out into active fighting in October 1956 (Hungarian Revolution). -
Suez Crisis pt.1
The Suez Crisis was an international Middle East crisis involving Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, France, Britain, and Israelite's containing the Suez Canal. This all was caused when Britain and France didn’t help pay for the Egypt’s construction of the Aswan High Dam, even though they had promised to before. In reaction, Egypt declared martial law on the canal zone. -
Suez Crisis pt.2
They also thought seizing control of the Suez Canal Company and the tolls collected from ships passing through the canal would pay for the dam’s construction within five years. Britain and France were afraid that Nasser might close the canal and cut off shipments. Later Britain and France formed an alliance with some israelites and planned a secret attack. -
Suez Crisis pt.3
On October 29, 1956 an attack on Egypt through the canal system was made, but soon after on December 22 the UN evacuated British and French troops, and Israeli troops left in March 1957. After Nasser’s victory he was looked upon as a hero. Israelites didn’t get freedom, but did regain some shipping rights. Britain and France ended up losing most of their respect and power in the Middle East (Suez Crisis). -
Space Race/Sputnik pt.1
The space race was a competition between the Soviet Union and the U.S to see who would have the best space technology the fastest. On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union shocked the world when they sent the first artificial space satellite into space successfully, it was named Sputnik -1. This competition in technology upped the tensions in the cold war. The main goal for everyone was to get a working satellite into space to help with war tactics. -
Space Race/Sputnik pt.2
From many more Soviet Union successful launches and the building of technology and many U.S failures, it brought them worry. The U.S felt very behind and that they would never catch up. Finally on January 31, 1958, the United States succeeded in launching its first satellite. Soon after the Soviet Union yet again launched another satellite, but the space race still continued. The space race had large impacts on the Cold War. -
Space Race/Sputnik pt.3
From being rushed to build new technology, it not only started a space race but fueled the arms race ("Sputnik"). -
Cuban Missile Crisis pt.1
An a tense 13-day political and military standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union. IT was over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, the main reason why it was a problem was because they were planted 90 miles from U.S. shores. When the U.S first heard of the missiles, President Kennedy called together a group called the executive committee, or ExCom to help find a solution. -
Cuban Missile Crisis pt.2
With nuclear missiles being previously around the Soviet Union, they thought to put their new missiles in Cuba would balance things out. When they the two came into contact they both kept their distance making it seem like the avoided war. On October 26, the two struck a deal. The U.S agreed to not invade Cuba as well as to remove their nuclear weapons from Turkey while the Soviet Union finally took the missiles in Cuba away (Cuban Missile Crisis). -
Vietnam War pt.1
The Vietnam War was caused from conflicts from Vietnam being split up. From the French Indochina War, a meeting was held between France and the Viet Minh to determine the fate of Vietnam. Vietnam was decided to be split into a north and south side. North Vietnam was controlled by the Viet Minh with Ho Chi Minh as their leader, who was a communist. South Vietnam was controlled by the Vietnamese that supported the French and lead by Ngo Dinh Diem, who were against communism. -
Vietnam War pt.2
Many south Vietnamese people who were against Diem created a group called Viet Cong. Diem started to loose most of his people’s support. In August 1964 North Vietnam attacked a U.S warship. Later in 1968 the U.S had over 500,000 troops in Vietnam to try and help support Diem, since he was against communism as well. Bombing cities started to occur very often as the war got more serious. -
Vietnam War pt.3
In 1968 President Johnson had the U.S stop bombing as well as peace talk starting. In January 1973 finally North and South Vietnam, the Viet Cong, and the United States signed an agreement to stop fighting. The U.S. removed almost all its troops from Vietnam, But this war wasn’t over. The U.S. continued to give money and equipment to South Vietnam till August 1974 -
Vietnam War pt.4
The North side quickly weakened and when in 1975 the North Vietnamese launched a massive invasion of South Vietnam, the North collapsed. Finally in 1976 they combined North and South Vietnam into one, Vietnam. “Vietnam War." -
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan pt.1
In late December 1979 by troops from the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. This was being caused from conflicts with anti-communist Muslim guerrillas against the Afghan communist government. Once Nur Mohammad Taraki was leader, power was shared between 2 political groups. This new government had little support. Soon many groups of people known as the mujahideen, started to rebel and fight against the government -
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan pt.2
From all the fighting, on the of night of Dec. 24, 1979, the Soviet Union sent around 30,000 troops. They wanted to help prop up their new but faltering client state Babrak Karmal, who had trouble getting the support he needed. The United States helped the mujahideen group grew and spread it all over the country. They were the more than 100,000 Soviet troops controlling the countryside against the mujahideen. -
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan pt.4
In the late 1980s the war started to settle. Because of the fail to get a sympathetic regime in Afghanistan, finally in 1988 the Soviet Union signed an accord with the United States, Pakistan, and Afghanistan where it agreed to withdraw all of their troops. On Feb. 15, 1989, the Soviet withdrawal was completed. Afghanistan returned to nonaligned status (Soviet invasion of Afghanistan). -
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan pt.3
The Soviets tried to eliminate the mujahideen’s civilian support by bombing and depopulating the rural areas,this only got them into more fights. Many Afghans left the country, 2.8 mil went to Pakistan and 1.5 mil fled to Iran.The mujahideen eventually was able to neutralize Soviet air power by using shoulder-fired aircraft missiles supplied the United States.The mujahideen ended up splitting up into smaller groups. Muslim volunteers traveled from all parts of the world to join the opposition. -
Glasnost & Perestroika pt.1
In the late 1980s Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev began the democratization of the Soviet Union called Glasnost. One of his goals for this system was to restructure the Soviet economic and political policy, it was part of reform efforts. Gorbachev believed this was the only way to help overcome inertia in the Soviet political and bureaucratic apparatus, which was a big in the interests in maintaining their status qua. -
Glasnost & Perestroika pt.2
He also believed for the economy to recover, it required ordinary citizens in the political process. This ended up helping their individual freedom of expression. In addition the power of the Communist reduced and multi-candidate elections took place. In the later years another program made to restructure Soviet political and economic policy, called Perestroika. He wanted their country to have enterprises that are self-financing. -
Glasnost & Perestroika pt.3
In 1988 a parliament called the Congress of People’s Deputies was created. For the first time elections presented voters with a choice of candidates. These elections did include non-communists, but communist still dominated (perestroika).
