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Zionism
This was the National movement for Jewish people who wanted to return the their homeland in Israel. Jews from all over joined in the movement and worked together toward this goal. In the end they were able to establish a jewish state in their ancient homeland. Leading Pakistan to Independence in 1947, Muhammad Ali-Jinnah founded the nation and was it’s first Governor-General. He believed that Indian Muslims should have their own state and made that a reality. He led the Muslim League. -
Third World
KwameThis is a term that is used to describe the countries that were neither in an alliance with countries from the east or from the west. Those countries can also be reffered to as the “Global South”. Kwame Nkrumah had shepherded Ghana in its struggle for independence from Britain and was named president of not only his nation but also his political party. He had created the Convention People’s Party in 1949 for African people to work together and create independence for everybody in Africa. -
Yalta Conference
The Yalta Conference occurred in Crimea in February 1945 to discuss Europe’s postwar organization. The conference was represented by the Big Three: Britain, The United States, and the Soviet Union. This was the second of three wartime conferences between the Big Three. A state with a dominant position in the international system that has the ability to influence its own interests and events and project power globally to protect these interests. Considered to be more significant than great power. -
Mao Tse-tung
Mao Tse-tung, Mao Zedong, founded the Chinese Communist Party. Serving from 1945-1976, Tse-tung turned China into a single-party socialist state.He supported the socio-political theory of Marxism. He instituted a Five-Year plan. Women were finally emancipated. American military and diplomatic representatives in China recognized that civil war was likely to erupt between the Nationalist controlled government headed by Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong. -
Joseph McCarthy
Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1946, Republican Joseph McCarthy publicly accused that 205 communists had infiltrated the U.S. state department. This was in the height of the Cold War tensions, causing great stir amongst Americans. He was unable to support his claims with proof and ultimately he was censured by the US Senate. The term McCarthyism is recognized still today with anti-communist activity and unsupported accusations. -
United States
The United States of America was one of the two main players during the Cold War, other one being the USSR. The US was a superpower and they believed that they were the ones that held the key to the future and their democratic government had contrast to the communist government of the USSR and the two eventually clashed. While the United States stepped up its policy of containment, the Soviet Union encouraged new nations to reject involvement in the U.S. international system. -
Bibliography
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Truman Doctrine
President Harry S. Truman established that the U.S. would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations being threatened by external or internal forces. This effectively reoriented our Foreign Policy allowing us to help with far away conflicts. Containment was a United States policy using many strategies to prevent the overall spread of communism. This had a big role in the Cold War, it was a response to a series of moves from the Soviet Union. -
Potsdam Conference
The Potsdam Conference was held in Poland in July and August of 1945. The three heads of government, the United States, Soviet Union, and Britain, met to decide how to implement punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany, who had agreed to unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945 ( V-Day). Winston Churchill was Britain’s Prime Minister from 1951-1955, known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during World War II. He stood up against Adolph Hitler’s threat to control Europe. -
Nuclear Arms Race
The Nuclear Arms Race was a competition between the superpowers during the Cold War. During the 45 years of the Cold War other countries, Great Britain, France, China, India, and Pakistan, developed nuclear weapons.The U.S. and the Soviet Union were determined to retain military superiority and began to create enormous arsenals of thermonuclear weapons and develop a multitude of systems for deploying those weapons. President Eisenhower was Was at Geneva Convention to talk peace talks. -
Colonial Liberation
Colonial Liberation did not bring forth a radical social reconstruction like it was supposed to. Those at the bottom were destined to stay there or even sink deeper to the bottom where all benefits went to those who were already better off. Universities were set up only for those who were able to attend them. Illiteracy remained the common lot and women were also not respected. Wars of national liberation are issues fought by nationalities that want to gain independence. -
Marshall Plan
Europe was devastated from World War II after so many people had been killed and wounded. From 1945 through 1947 the U.S. was giving assistance to Europe financially. Military aid went to Greece and Turkey. Results came quickly with economic recovery. From 1948 to 1952 European economies grew at an unprecedented rate. Trade brought forth the North Atlantic alliance. This lead to the shaping of what we know to be the European Union. -
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance formed April 4, 1949, with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty. The headquarters is in Brussels, Belgium. There are 24 member states all across North America and Europe. The United States used core or passive deterrence which is the threat with a nuclear strategic response in case of a nuclear attack on the home territory of the threatening nation. Members of the NATO used extended, or active deterrence th -
Korea
During the time of the Cold War, there was also the Korean War. Kim II Sung, the leader of North Korea at the time got aid from Stalin and Mao Zedong to wage war against South Korea. They attacked on 25th June 1950, and by September, they had defeated and turned South Korea into a communist country. The 38th Parallel is the sighting where the Korean War took place. A battle between the spread of Communism and the spread of Democracy. During the War the 38th Parallel was set as the border. -
Communism
Decolonization was the undoing of colonialism, it’s the unequal relation of polities where one person or nation established dependent courier governments over another. In political terms, it means attaining independence, autonomous home rule, and union with the metropole or another state. In retrospect, capitalism “won” the cold war and continued to run as before. The failure of communism could be described as a vindication of the free market which caused people to believe capitalism was perfect -
Mau Mau
The Mau Mau rebellion or uprising took place in Kenya in 1952-1960 for Kenya’s independence. The British had refused to hand over the control to Kenyan authorities because the country itself was not stable but in December 1963, Kenya had gained their independence. -
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Nikita Khrushchev led the soviet union during part of the Cold War. He served as the First Secretary of the Communist party from 1953-1964. Khrushchev also set up peace treaties with the U.S. and dealt with the incident known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. He also went along with the Space race against the U.S. Cuba became a large part of the Cold War when the Soviet Union, with the approval of Fidel Castro, began to build missile installations in Cuba. -
Geneva Conference
The Geneva Conference, which took place in Geneva Switzerland, was held from April to July of 1954 for the purpose to find a way to unify Vietnam and restore peace in Indochina. The participants in the conference were the United States, Soviet Union, France, United Kingdom, and the People’s Republic of China. In the Vietnam War — which lasted from the mid-1950s until 1975 — the United States and the southern-based Republic of Vietnam (RVN) opposed the southern-based revolutionary movement. -
Civil Rights Movement
GandhiSegregation was still big in the United States until 1954 when the U.S. stopped the “seperate but equal” doctrine that formed a basis for state sanctioned discrimination drawing not just national but international attention as well to African Americans. Activists used nonviolent protests and civil disobedience to bring about change. Mahatma Gandhi had led the Independence movement for India in the 19th century through the strategy of non-violence and being passive. -
Jawaharlal Nehru
Recognized as Gandhi's successor, Jawaharlal Nehru played a central role in the negotiations of Indian Independence at the end of WWII. Serving as the first Prime Minister of India, Nehru implemented socialist economic reforms and set India on a track to industrialize. Faced major conflict with Pakistan over Kashmir, which remains unstable today. Pakistan is undergoing a prolonged internal crisis, one that has been compounded by strained relations with its neighbours, and even with its allies. -
Soviet Union
The USSR was the other main player during the Cold War and was known for being a communist government. Just like the United States of America, the USSR was a superpower and believed that they would be the key to the future. Iron curtain was the ideological conflict and physical boundary that divided Europe in 2 parts. It shows the efforts of the Soviet Union blocking itself and its dependent and central European allies from open contact with the non-communist west areas. -
Domino Theory
President Truman decided to support the french in its efforts to reclaim indochina by giving them with money and military advisers. We gave them nearly $1.5 billion a year for this. A war between the French and the Viet Minh developed and the Viet Minh wore down the French will to fight. On May 8th, 1954 a large number of French troops were captured by the Vietnamese led by general vo Nguyen Giap. -
Bandung Conference
Bandung Conference was a meeting of newly independent Asian and African countries in April of 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia. The 29 countries that participated in the conference represented approximately 1/4 of the earths land surface and a total population of 1.5 billion people. the conference was formed to promote Afro-Asian economic cultural operation and to oppose any imperialistic nations. -
Warsaw Treaty Organization
On May 14, 1955 the Soviet Union helped to establish the Warsaw Treaty Organization, known as the Warsaw Pact. The eight communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe was a mutual defense treaty to act as a buffer between Western Europe and the Soviet Union. Khrushchev wanted peaceful coexistence with the West. Western leaders hoped this meant the end of the Cold War. It emerged from the Soviet Union in response to a number of different situations, domestically and internationally, during -
Black African Nationalism
African American leaders would emigrate to with freed blacks to places in africa to assist native africans in building their nations up. They believed this would also uplift the status of the African people as well as their condition. -
John F. Kennedy
President Kennedy was the 34th president of the U.S. serving from 1961-1963. He led the nation through one of it’s most terrifying times, such as the Cuban Missile Crisis where he compromised with the Soviet Union to take missiles out of Turkey if they took missiles out of Cuba. As well as competing with the USSR Kennedy also raced with them in the Space Race. President Kennedy not only dealt with the USSR but took blame for the Bay of Pigs Invasion. -
Fidel Castro
Fidel CastroCastro is a Cuban communist revolutionary who was prime minister from 1959-1976 and was President from 1976-2008. He held his hold on Cuba during President Kennedy’s approval of the Bay of Pigs invasion. -
Berlin Wall
In 1948-1949, Stalin challenged the Allies again and tried to take over Berlin but the U.S. had sent supplies over to West Berlin and had succeeded to block Stalin from taking over Berlin. During the aftermath of World War II, Germany was in a bad shape with much of the housing destroying, the economy in crisis and terrible living conditions for the citizens. The allies divided Germany into four zones, and each was occupied by one of the following four: USA, Britain, France and the Soviet Union. -
Richard Nixon
NixonPresident Nixon was the 37th president of the U.S. serving from 1969-1974. He brought many good things to the country, but later on resigned because of the Watergate Scandal. -
Philippines, India and Middle East
In 1995, the leader of Indonesia hosted the Bandung Conference for newly independent. At the conference, leaders from Africa and Asia were present. While others chose sides after the conference, India chose to remain neutral. The Arab cold war lasted from 1958-1970 and was considered to be shorter. Gamal Abdel Nassar was an Egyptian revolutionary who tries to upend the region while the Saudis led the effort to maintain their status. These were part of the proxy wars.
