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A businessman that privately bought rights to Iranian banks, currency, infrastructure and communications.
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British businessman under Imperial Tobacco paid £15,000 for all of Iran's tobacco shops.
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George Reynolds had purchased the rights to all Iranian oil for £20,000. The Anglo Iranian Oil Company would have all rights to Iranian oil on a 60 year lease. National discontent followed, prompting the creation of the Majlis Parliament.
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51% share for £2 million, allowing the British Navy to use Iranian oil
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British High Commissioner in Egypt and ruler of Mecca and the Hejaz. McMahon aimed to incite an Arab uprising that would undermine the Ottomans, turning the war in Britain's favour.
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Divided the Middle East, allocating Palestine and Jordan to Britain, northern Iraq, Lebanon and Syria to the French. Undermined McMahon's promise of Arab independence. Also arbitrarily drew Iraq's borders.
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A front had been opened in Mesopotamia against the Ottoman Empire. The British occupied Iraq and received a League of Nations mandate for the territory after the war.
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In an attempt to gain financial support from the European Jewish community, Foreign Secretary Balfour declared to the Rothschilds that Britain would support the Zionist effort. Despite Montagu's opposition, this declaration would catalyse inter-war Jewish immigration to Palestine.
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Guaranteed British support for religious and civil liberties for all sects of Palestinian society.
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Led by High Commissioner Herbert Samuel, this attempt failed because of the divide between the pro-Jewish British government and the pro-Arab British civil servants in Palestine.
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A fatwa decreed that Muslims should not be ruled by non-Muslims, and violence broke out between the British and Iraqis. Kurds rebelled, seeking independence, and 1,000 British and 10,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed.
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Iraq would have some self-determination and be ruled by the sympathetic Hashemite family. British influence remained.
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Recognised the Muslim Faisal I as the Hashemite King of Iraq. British advisors eld Iraq's government and British troops ran military bases and the Iraqi army, though in effect Iraq was a sovereign state.
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Agreed on co-operation between Britain and Iraq in military and foreign affairs. Britain could use Basra's air bases and keep troops in Iraq for 25 years.
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Hitler's persecution of the Jews boosted Jewish immigration to Palestine. There were inter-communal tensions as land purchases were recommended to be controlled.
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The mandate expired, but British influence remained strong. Their 50% stake in the Iraq Petroleum Company, military bases and political advisors ensured a sympathetic Iraq.
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Seeing 400,000 Jews in Palestine, this report suggested partition as a solution. However, Arab opposition and Palestine's status as a mandate made this impossible.
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15,000 Jews a year, for five years, was permitted. Zionist paramilitaries e.g Haganah and the Stern Gang emerged, carrying out terror attacks and assassinations on figures such as Lord Moyne, the British Minister for the Middle East
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Officially the Fighters for the Freedom of Israel, this Zionist paramilitary sought to remove British authorities from Palestine through violent means. They even offered their collaboration to Nazi Germany until 1942, when they sided with the Soviet Union. Numbering only a few hundred, the Lehi assassinated UN mediator Count Folke Bernadotte, and carried out the Deir Yassin massacre on 107 Palestinian Arabs.
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Iranian leader had show sympathies with Nazi Germany
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Up from 17% in 1931, demonstrated the persecution of Jews in Europe.
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Accepted by Jewish leaders as it gave them a majority share, the Arab leaders' rejection prompted the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the subsequent Nakba. Arab-Jewish relations worsened during the inter-war years and the feeble British could not control Jewish migration and the insistence of President Truman to let further Jews in. The partition aimed for Jerusalem to remain under international control.
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Accompanied by the rise of the Soviet-backed Tudeh party, Mossadegh pledged to nationalise the Iranian oil industry. As the US negotiated an oil deal with Saudi Arabia for 50% profits, the IRanians felt they were being exploited by the British. The British took an 80% profit share whilst under-reporting profits. Iran nationalised the industry, Britain respoding by banning international tankers from taking Iranian oil.
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CIA and British collusion accompanied the more anti-communist elections of Eisenhower and CHurchill. The shah replaced Mossadegh, and British Petroleum and Shell succeeded the rights to Iranian oil.