-
Causes mass death in Ireland.
Causes mass emigration to UK and America. -
Lowers grain prices.
Splits conservative party. -
Under Lord John Russell.
Seen as ineffective, but survived with Peelite support. -
Thanks to the dry summers more food was harvested.
-
Rose by 50%, but was lowered because prices were raised by 20%, so wages were increased by 30%.
-
Harvests produced high yields, prices were steady, farmers' income increased, there was scientific and technological innovation and improvements were carried out.
High farming used. -
International showcase of industry, technology and culture.
Held in the Crystal Palace "workshop of the world".
Highlights UK's economic dominance. -
Rose from 27 million to 35 million.
Provided a large workforce and an expanding home market. -
Under Lord Derby.
-
Under Lord Aberdeen.
Defeated by stress of Crimean War. -
Revolutionised nursing by improving hospital conditions.
Led to public health reforms. -
Russia vs Ottoman Empire (UK + France + Turkey).
First war using modern technology.
Gladstone ensured spending didn't result in financial instability.
War exposed corruption and inefficiency in the government. -
Under Palmerston.
Focused on foreign affairs. -
Allowed local authorities to control sewers, drainage and water supply.
-
Under Lord Derby
Assisted by Disraeli, lacked majority. -
By Samuel Smiles.
Talked about deserving of misery if you are poor. -
Under Palmerston.
Considered the first liberal government. -
By Richard Cobden.
Reduced tariffs on textiles and french wine.
Promotes free trade. -
Disrupts Britain's cotton industry.
John Bright supports free trade and non-intervention in civil war. -
Allowed police to arrest women suspected of prostitution.
Aimed to reduce venereal disease.
Many protests by women against this, led by Josephine Butler. -
Under John Russell.
Moving towards unity as liberals.
Russell retired and handed over to Gladstone. -
After the revolts during Garibaldi's visit.
Working class alliance with trade unions and a few wealthy middle class people. -
After the resignation of Russell.
"Peace, retrenchment and reform".
Inspired by Peel. -
Under Derby.
Politically powerless.
Derby retired, leaving Disraeli as leader. -
Enfranchised:
- urben working class men
Strengthened political voice of industrial workers.
Passed by conservatives to gain more support.
Led to the 1870 education act, since many politicians thought it beneficial to educate the new voters. -
In Manchester.
Trade unions petitioned for legal recognition. -
Under Disraeli.
Politically powerless, but determined and ambitious for his party.
After the resignation of Derby. -
By Gladstone.
Agreed to enfranchise women ratepayers in local elections. -
Key figure: Emily Davies (education reformer).
First higher education institution in Britain.
Key step towards gender equality. -
Disestablishes Anglican church in Ireland.
Reduces discrimination against catholics. -
Established by Josephine Butler.
In response with the welfare of prostitutes. -
Under Gladstone.
Adhered to the principles of Self Help. -
The guano industry was worth 8 million pounds a year by 1870.
Fertiliser, increases crops. -
By W. E. Forster (liberal MP).
State-funded primary schools.
Education compulsory for ages 5-10.
Introduced after the 1867 second reform act. -
Gave married women legal status and allowed a woman to keep a proportion of her own earnings.
-
To improve tenant-landlord relations.
Tenants could claim compensation for any improvements made to the property once they leave.
Regarded as a failure. -
Gave police constables extensive powers to carry out arrests following the Irish Land Act (1870).
-
Legalised trade unions, giving workers the right to strike.
Beginning of state recognition of working class rights. -
Number of farmers drops from 1 million in 1871 to 600,000 in 1901.
-
Votes cast privately, reducing bribery.
Strengthened democratic integrity in Britain. -
Makes it difficult to strike because of picketing.
-
By Isaac Butt
-
Falling prices and competition against Germany.
Gladstone committed to free trade during economic challenges.
Joseph Chamberlain advocates for tariff reform.
Cyclical downturns: 1873-1879 and 1882-1886 and 1890-1896.
30-40% drop in price levels of most things. -
Under Disraeli.
"ministry of sewage".
One-nation conservatism. -
Local authorities maintain clean water.
Sanitation reduces disease.
First government intervention in public health. -
Gave workers the same legal rights as employers in contract disputes, ending criminalisation of breaches.
-
Regulated food safety standards.
Reduced sale of contaminated food and medicine. -
Attempt at slum clearance.
Replaces Criminal Law Amendment Act. -
Replaced the unpopular Criminal Law Amendment Act (1871).
Aimed to strengthen trade unions.
Legalised peaceful picketing, giving the unions right to strike. -
Improved seamen's working conditions by limiting the load allowed on boats.
-
Children couldn't get a job without an attendance certificate from school.
Forced children to go to school. -
Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India to strengthen British control over India.
-
- Banned children under 10 working in factories.
- Limited women's working hours.
-
Financial instability in Scotland.
Underscores need for stricter banking regulations. -
Farmers face economic challenges.
Massive migration to cities.
Creates overpopulation in cities.
Disraeli criticizes Gladstone's want for free trade during challenges. -
By Davitt.
To secure land reform. -
Under Gladstone.
-
Response to commitment to free trade amidst rising foreign competition.
Joseph Chamberlain advocated protectionism, although he doesn't join the league. -
To reduce tenant exploitation.
-
Rejected.
Creates split in the liberal party:
- unionists (led by Joseph Chamberlain)
- others join the conservatives under Salisbury -
In response to Gladstone's Home Rule initiative.
-
Criminalised bribery and intimidations in elections.
Strengthened British democracy. -
Enfranchised:
- rural workers
Brings the local electorate to 5.5 million. -
Founded by Sydney and Beatrice Webb.
Wanted to persuade the government to introduce social reform. -
Created equal-sized constituencies, removing unfair advantages for rural areas.
-
Under Salisbury.
Increasingly sympathetic towards the needs of oridinary people. -
Under Salisbury.
Minority government after liberal party split due to:
- home rule
- divisions over social reform
- attitutes towards imperialism
- personal tensions -
Unemployment peaks at 10%.
Because of the Great Depression. -
By 1886 2/3 of wheat consumed in Britain was imported.
Prices and profits for farmers fell and the results were catastrophic for many. -
Still support free trade, despite rising calls for protectionist policies.
Joseph Chamberlain becomes prominent voice for protectionism after 1886. -
Under Gladstone.
-
Through a number of Land Purchase Acts.
-
Technical innovation opened new areas of industry. Coal, machinery and shipping became predominant.
-
By Arthur Balfour "Bloody Balfour" (Irish secretary).
In Ireland due to the jubilee riots and growing tensions.
Deepend resentment among Irish nationalists. -
Led by Annie Besant.
Workers at Bryant and May match factory protest against low wages and dangerous phosphurus fumes. -
Led by Ben Tillet.
Demanded higher wages (6p/hour).
Victory in London.
100,000 strikers. -
Charles Booth was concerned about the levels of poverty in London.
"Life and labour of the people of London".
Suggested that over 30% of the population lived in poverty. -
Captain O'Shea and Kitty O'Shea divorce after involvement of Parnell.
-
Passed by commons but rejected in lords.
Highlights the power of lords to reject legislation.
Means the resignation of Gladstone, replaced by Rosebery.
Jeopardised by Parnell's scandal in the O'Shea divorce. -
Under Keir Hardie (first labour MP).
Working class interests in parliament.
Challenges the dominance of liberals and conservatives. -
Independent Labour Party.
By Keir Hardie.
Advocates workers' rights, addresses economic inequality, unemployment and working conditions.
Slowly leaving Laissez-Faire economics. -
To promote Irish heritage and separation from Britain.
Promoted cultural nationalism. -
Under Gladstone.
-
Lord Rosebery takes over.
-
Allowed women to only vote in local elections.
-
Under Rosebery.
-
Rise in the standard of living.
Prices pick up in the late 1890s because of the gold-mining boom in South Africa. Which led to an economic boost.
Economic prosperity continued until 1914, with the interruption of the Boer War (1899-1902). -
Rural landowners lobby for protectionist policies.
Struggle against cheap grain imports.
Divide between agriculture and industry. -
Under Salisbury.
Liberals suffer a crushing defeat after resignation of Gladstone and appointment of Rosebery.
Continue to tackle working class issues. But don't do as much as the Liberals do after 1906. -
National Union of Women's Suffrage Socities.
Led by Millicent Fawcett.
Peaceful campaign for women's voting rights. -
Resigned after liberal crushing loss in the 1895 elections.
Campbell-Bannerman is elected new party leader. -
UK fights against South Africa.
They use concentration camps which damage their reputation.
Highlights social inequalities and exposed Britain's imperial overreach. -
Predecessor to labour party.
Aimed to secure parliamentary representation for trade unions and socialists. -
Labour Representation Committee.
By Keir Hardie + Arthur Henderson.
Aims to secure political representation for workers.
Later evolves into labour party. -
Under John Redmond.
But influence was non existent because of the large victory of the liberals in 1906.
Fought for Home Rule in Ireland. -
Number of workers belonging to unions who supported the LRC rose from 350,000 to over 1 million.
Increased funds for the labour party. -
States that trade unions are liable for any losses caused by strikes.
Led to an increase in labour support. -
He appointed his nephew, Balfour, as new conservative party leader.
"Bob's your uncle". -
By Arthur Balfour (PM).
Reforms secondary education, funded by local authorities. -
Under Balfour.
Conservative dominance due to:
- division within the liberal party because of Home Rule.
- middle class support
- growing want for imperialism
- improved conservative party organisation
- conservative social reform
Balfour supports Ulster unionist cause. -
Liberals agree to not oppose labour candidates in come constituencies.
Allows labour to win more seats in parliament. -
Women's Social and Political Union.
Led by the Pankhurst family.
Radical tactics to demand votes for women.
"Deeds not words". -
By Joseph Chamberlain (colonial secretary).
Imposes tariffs on imports.
Divides conservative party and contributes to their electoral defeat in 1906. -
By Arthur Griffiths.
Argued for a separate independent Ireland from Britain. -
Under Campbell-Bannerman.
Tackle worst working class issues.
Social and welfare reforms are more far-reaching than any measures by previous governments. -
Campbell-Bannerman + DLG + Winston Churchill.
Focus on working conditions and tackling poverty.
Begins Britain's shift towards social welfare policies.
Won about 400 seats.
Major step for Labour party. Election of 29 labour MPs. -
Reversed the Taff Vale case and helped unions.
-
Under Campbell-Bannerman.
Liberals introduce social reforms like free school meals to takle poverty. -
Gave local authorities the power to provide free meals to poor school children.
-
Gave women the right to be elected onto local councils and take the position of mayor.
-
Required schools to provide medical checks for pupils.
-
Broke up political meetings, smashed windows and went on hunger strike.
More radical than suffragists. -
Introduced juvenile courts, banned child begging, smoking and alcohol.
-
By DLG (chancellor of the exchequer).
Provided state pensions for people over 70 with low incomes.
Funded through taxation.
First steps towards welfare state. -
Under Asquith, appointed party leader after Campbell-Bannerman's death.
Influenced by New Liberalism.
Liberals committed to laissez faire liberalism. -
Threatened the trade unions' ability to use their funds for political purposes.
Put trade unions and the labour party in a difficult situation (labour party relied on donations by trade unions).
Sydney and Beatrice Webb criticised. -
By DLG.
Proposed higher taxes on wealthy to fund welfare programs.
Led to a political crisis in the House of Lords.
Led to the 1911 Parliament Act.
Rejected because of Balfour's influence in the Lords.
Led to the liberals calling an election. -
By suffragettes.
Imprisoned suffragettes went on a hunger strike.
Government introduced force-feeding policies. -
Called by Asquith after the rejection of the 1909 People's Budget and in response to Balfour's influence in the Lords.
Liberals won, but with a reduced majority compared to the 1906 landslide victory. -
Trade unions + Keir Hardie + Tom Mann mobilise workers.
Strikes escalate across the coal mining, transport and docks industries.
Reflects economic dissatisfaction among workers and limits Laissez-Faire policies.
Rise of syndicalism. -
Unemployment and sickness benefits for workers.
Funded through worker, employer and government contributions.
Lays foundations for welfare state. -
Limited power of the lords to block legislation.
Can only delay legislation twice.
Strengthened democracy by making the commons dominant.
Shows that the liberal government was challenging the power of the Lords.
Made Balfour resign and Bonar Law replace him. -
In response to Home Rule.
Led by Edward Carson. -
By Edward Carson.
In response to Home Rule.
Gathers around 100,000 soldiers and buys guns from Germany. -
Emily Davidson throws herself in front of King George V's horse, in protest for suffragettes.
Raised sympathy, but did little. -
Allowed government to release suffragettes that went on hunger strikes temporarily until they recovered, then re-arrested them.
-
By Redmond.
In response to the UVF. -
Asquith (liberal PM) + Churchill (1st Lord of the Admiralty) + DLG (chancellor of the exchequer).
Wartime coalition government.
Women enter workforce when men leave to fight.
Society shifts towards total war. -
Delayed twice by the lords.
Was largely opposed by Ulster protestants. -
Churchill:
managed naval resources + blockades.
DLG: oversaw economy and coordinated industry.
Introduction of massive debt towards the USA. -
Number of women in full-time work rose from 5.96 million to 7.31 million.
-
To support war munitions (shell production rose from 2 million in 1915 to 187 million by 1918).
-
Wanted to allow Irish to be able to vote for Ireland's independence.
Created unsettlement because of the rising fear of an Irish civil war. -
Gives government extra power during war.
As the war progressed DORA was strengthened adn further measures introduced. -
Shortages in munitions led to women working in factories.
-
By DLG.
Controls how much rent can be raised by.
Prevents landlords from improving homes. -
Asquith + DLG + Bonar-Law (conservative leader).
Asquith forms coalition with conservatives and labour party.
Highlights weakness in wartime leadership.
Highlights Asquith's weakness as leader. -
Conscription introduced for unmarried men aged 18-41.
Extended to include married men in april. -
DLG.
Conservatives withdraw support from coalition.
Led to DLG's resignation.
Bonar-Law becomes PM.
End liberal dominance in British politics. -
By republican groups to gain Irish independence.
Makes British government very unpopular.
Carrying out the death penalties was perceived as a gross mishandling of the situation by the British government. -
Enfranchises:
- Women over 30
- All men over 21 -
DLG coalition won with conservative support.
Further weakened the liberal party, as labour emerges. -
By DLG.
School leaving age 14.
Introduces state scholarships for equal opportunities to go to university. -
Over 1 million unemployed.
-
By Christopher Addison.
Government funded housing for working class families.
Follows "homes fit for heroes". -
Allowed women to enter professions like law, civil service and go to universities.
-
Treaty of Versailles ends WW2.
-
Lady Astor became the first woman to take a seat in parliament.
After her husband was elevated to the Lords. -
As a successor of the Irish Volunteers and fought for Irish independence.
-
Led by Eamon de Valera (Irish nationalist leader).
War between British forces and Irish republicans.
Laid groundwork for Irish independence.
British army call the "black and tans" (violent troops).
Ended with the Government of Ireland Act by DLG. -
Commuinst Party of Great Britain.
First communist party in the UK.
Survives until 1990s. -
Attempt to achieve Home Rule.
Set up two parliaments (Belfast and Dublin).
Failed to gather support.
Criticised for British handling of the Easter Rising. -
Expanded benefits to more workers.
Covered over 12 million people. -
2 million unemployed after returning from war.
-
By Eric Geddes.
Drastic spending cuts to reduce national debt.
Worsened unemployment and slowed the economic recovery. -
By DLG.
Provided free school meals to children. -
Ends Anglo-Irish war.
Marked end of direct British rule in most of Ireland.
Gave Ulster independence from the rest of Ireland. -
Reduced demand of coal and textile industries.
-
Most of Ireland not under British rule.
-
Obtained license to broadcast news through the radio.
10 million people joined to watch the opening of the Wembley Exhibition by King George V in 1924.
Highlights rise of the media. -
Under Bonar-Law.
Clear victory, underlined the continuing decline of the liberal party.
Also indicated the strengthening of popular vote for labour.
Ended the wartime coalition government.
Forced to retire. Replaced by Baldwin. -
Anglo-Irish treaty divided Sinn Fein:
those who accepted -- Collins and Griffith
those who rejected -- De Valera -
Ellen Wilkinson became the first woman labour MP and was elected for Middlesborough.
-
Under Ramsey MacDonald.
Not perfect but not a complete failure. -
Increased the sibsidy to local councils to encourage them to build houses to let to working class families.
-
Under Stanley Baldwin.
Maintained political dominance due to:
- having the press behind them
- effective party organisation
- previous liberal voters moved to conservatives rather than labour -
First labour government.
Under Ramsay MacDonald.
Collapsed after liberals withdrew support. -
Led by Churchill.
To stabilise economy.
Made exports more expensive. -
Baldwin (PM): against the strike.
Arthur Pugh: union leader.
Trade unions call for 9 day strike against coal miners' wages.
Government stops the strike. -
Passed as a result of the 1926 General Strike.
Placed limitations on unions. -
Women recieve same voting rights as men.
Increased electorate by 5 million.
"Flapper vote": women voters outnumbered men by 2 million. -
Economy collapsed.
High unemployment and social hardship.
Investors withdrew gold from Britain, threatening a collapse of the British banking system. -
Margaret Bondfield became the first woman cabinet minister
-
Under Ramsay MacDonald, Snowden as chancellor.
Faces economic crisis: Wall Street Crash and the rise of unemployment. -
By Arthur Greenwood.
Large-scale demolition of slums and construction of new housing. -
Caused by Wall Street Crash (1929).
Decline staple industries.
Demand for British exports fell by 1/3.
Unemployment rose. (40% coal miners, 47% steel workers and 63% shipbuilding unemployed).
Emphasis on the youth, fashion and entertainment. -
Infant mortality rate falls from 67% to 61%.
-
Unemployment peaks during the interwar period due to the Wall Street Crash and the depression.
3 million unemployed. -
Devalues pound.
Boosts trade and industrial output. -
Under Ramsay MacDonald and Chamberlain.
Face hungry 30s. -
Labour cabinet split over how to deal with the banking crisis.
Caused MacDonald to offer his government's resignation.
Led to the formation of the National Government. -
Abandons free trade and introduces tariffs.
Introduces 10% tariff on most imports, reversing Britain's stance on free trade.
Neville Chamberlain advocates to protect balance economy. -
By Sir Oswald Mosley.
British Union of Fascists.
Recieved backing from Lord Rothermere. -
After unemployment peaks at 3 million.
Establishes a means-tested dole system. -
By Neville Chamberlain.
Means-tested benefits for long-term unemployment.
Stricter unemployment benefits. -
Stanley Bladwin advocates for re-armament.
Increasing jobs because of WW2.
Creates clear north/south division. -
700,000 new council houses were built.
-
Gives India more self-governance.
-
Government invests in defense industries -- creates more jobs.
Unemployment fell, but still clear north/south divide. -
Under Stanley Baldwin.
Focuses on appeasement and rearmament. -
Ellen Wilkinson (Labour MP for Jarrow).
200 unemployed men march from Jarrow to London to demand jobs after the collapse of shipbuilding industry.
Baldwin completely ignores. -
Edward VIII abdicates to marry Wallis Simpson.
George VI becomes new king. -
By Seebohm Rowntree.
Showed that 17.7% of the total population lived in poverty.
Reached conclusion that biggest cause of poverty was low wages. -
Entrepreneur Billy Butlin opened a holiday camp at Skegness aimed towards working class families.
More opened after the end of WW2. -
Under Neville Chamberlain.
Pursued appeasement for Hitler. -
Guaranteed paid holidays for workers.
Improved living standards. -
Chamberlain allowed Hitler to annex Czechoslovakia.
-
Evacuation millions of children from cities to rural areas.
Government intervention (industries + wartime measures).
Laissez-Faire moves to interventionism. -
1.5 million children evacuated from cities ro rural areas.
-
Gives government complete control over economy, labour and industry.
Conscription was mandatory for all men aged 18-41 (later extended to 51). -
-
Included:
Greenwood, Bevin, Beaverbrook, Kingsley Wood, Anderson, Churchill, Attlee and Eden.
Doesn't succeed in everything, but remained strong and effective. -
Run by Lord Woolton (Manchester businessman, managed rationing).
Food rationing introduced in January 1940.
Rationing continued on until 1954. -
Germany invades Norway and France + Britain try to stop them but fail.
Suggested invasion by Churchill.
Led to the resignation of Chamberlain and Churchill becoming new PM. -
Womens Volunteer Service.
Help evacuees, air shelters and to boost morale. -
Citizens assigned to guard buildings from bombing.
-
Conscription for women aged 20-30.
-
Compensations for bombing of businesses during the Blitz.
-
Under Winston Churchill.
Set up to organise the economy to take account of the pressures set by the war. -
40,000 killed in mass bombing of London.
Leaves millions of homes and factories destroyed. -
Churchill and Roosevelt agree on post-war principles.
-
Keynes visits the USA and agrees that the USA would provide supplies to Britain (weapons, food...).
-
Forces workers into key industries to kickstart the economy.
-
By William Beveridge.
5 giants of society:
- squalor
- disease
- idleness
- ignorance
- want
Lays foundation for welfare state. -
Churchill and Roosevelt plan European strategy.
-
Churchill and Roosevelt plan European strategy.
-
Keynes negotiates financial aid from USA.
-
By RAB.
Free secondary education for all children.
Created 3 school branches (grammar, technical and general).
Created the Eleven Plus (entry exams). -
Child benefits.
-
Keynes represents Britain.
-
Under Attlee.
Population blamed the conservatives for unemployment and depression.
Conservatives blamed for the Hungry 30s.
Labour carry out:
- nationalisation
- welfare policies
- national health service
Represents a turning point in British politics. -
Paid out a rate of 5s per week per child.
Alongside the 1944 Butler Education Act, these became the basis of the welfare state. -
Under Clement Attlee.
They increased taxation, which had an impact on working class families, to pay off war debts.
"Muddled socialism".
Ended and caused a split because of Bevan and Gaitskell (disagreed on prescription charges).
Oversaw the construction of 1.5 million new 'prefab' homes. -
Dockers went on strike and threatened the already limited supply of food coming into the country.
People didn't sympathise. -
Allowed the construction of new houses in the outskirts of London to rehouse those who'd lost their homes during the blitz.
-
Effectively translated into law the recommendations of the Beveridge report.
-
Under Attlee's government.
Government took into public ownership 20% of the workforce.
Advantages:
- supply of gas and electricity expanded
Disadvantages:
- costly -
US economic aid to reconstruct after WW2.\
UK recieves 2.7 billion dollars.
Helps labour party to establish "New Jerusalem". -
To discipline young men.
-
In response to the mass immigration arriving in Britain.
Around 250,000 immigrants arrived from West Indies and other parts of the New Commonwealth. -
Introduced by Bevan (labour politician).
Creates a free healthcare system. -
Film that showcased a real-life incident that occurred in 1941 in the Hebridean island of Eriskay when the boat SS Politician sank transporting 28,000 cases of whisky.
-
Declared Ireland a republic.
-
Ffestival in the UK that showcased the latest technologies. It aimed to cheer up everyone.
Meant the end of labour dominance. -
Under Macmillan.
Promise the construction of 300,000 houses annually. The target was exceeded by 1954. -
Under Churchill.
Start of conservative dominance.
Reasons for labour weakness:
- fights between Bevan and Gaitskell.
Labour nearly achieve 50% of the votes.
Elections called by George VI because he was worried labour wouldn't be strong enough. -
Rise in living standards.
Men's wages rose by 45%.
Length of working hours was reduced from 48 to 42 per week.
Around 300,000 new homes were built annually.
Boom in consumer goods (televisions, washing machines, cars). -
-
Start of a new period called “restoration”.
-
Film character Marlon Brando influenced teenagers into dressing a certain way and adopted aggressive and challenging attitudes to adult convention and respectable behaviour.
-
Under Eden.
Shifted towards more liberal views. -
Egypt seized control of the Suez canal, meaning slower shipping routes from the west.
Caused Eden's downfall.
Eden launched military action against the leader of Egypt (Nasser).
Eden lied to the press and Commons about his collusion with France and Israel. -
Bombed the boarder in an attempt to regain popular support.
Campaign came to nothing because they had no support. -
Under Macmillan (Supermac).
"Never had it so good" speech.
Labour weakness fueled conservative dominance. -
Inflation was rising because wages were running far ahead of productivity.
Fear that pound would be devalued against the US dollar. -
High immigrantion concentration.
Race riots occured. -
Defeat of labour, continuation of conservative dominance.
Deepened the split in the labour party. -
By 1960 there were over 5 million car owners in Britain.
-
Limited immigration through a system of work permits.
Opposed by the labour party. -
John Profumo (defence secretary) was caught in an affair with model Christine Keeler, who was also sleeping with soviet spy Ivanov.
Raised questions about Cold War secrets being leaked.
Profumo lied about his involvement, Macmillan backed him.
Affair weakened Macmillan's government. -
By Macmillan to stabilise British economy.
Rejected by France.
Caused setbacks for Macmillan's economic policies. -
Under Wilson.
Resignation Macmillan led to their victory. -
In Brighton.
Clashes between mods (sophisticated) and rockers (bikers).
Riots went on for two days.