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He did many experiments with chemicals that had matter. He didn't know the structure but he knew the evidence pointed to something fundamental.
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He discovered the electron and proposed a model for the structure of the atom. Thomson knew that electrons had a negative charge and thought that matter must have a positive charge. His model looked like raisins stuck on the surface of a lump of pudding.
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Conducted gold foil experiment, which is bombarding gold foil with alpha particles. Most particles passed through but some were deflected.
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He improved the Atomic Model by trying to answer the question "Why aren't electrons pulled into the nucleus?"
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He took Bohr's atom model a step further. He used mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of finding an electron in a certain position.
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