-
The South (Confederate States)
Led by General Robert E. Lee; Advantages: better military leadership, naturally skilled soldiers, home-field advantage, motivated troops -
Period: to
Civil War
Issue: over slavery - North and South -
Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
began that simply continue with Lincoln's plan and readmit each state if the state would declare that secession is illegal, swear allegiance to the Union, and ratify the 13th Amendment. In return, South wouldn't have to pay off any war debts/damages from the Civil War. Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from office and was impeached for violating the Tenure of Office Act but remained in office after the Senate voted not to convict.
He did not want A.A. to have the right to vote. -
Reconstruction Era 1865-1877
1863 - Lincoln was already planning Reconstruction -
Amendments
13th: abolished Slavery
14th: equal citizenship/protection
15th: suffrage cannot deny right to vote based on race (but on gender) -
Major Problems after the Civil War
four million freed slave, who have no homes, no jobs; unit the nation - 3 plans; trust is lost; infrastructur had to be rebuild;civilrights; which branch is in charge? -
The North (The Union)
Led by Ulysses S. Grant (Eventually elected president in 1868); Advantages: more factories, more food production, larger troop numbers, more railroads, better navy (&Lincoln??) -
Wade-Davis Bill
The Radical Republicans passed the Wade-Davis Bill that required:
1. A majority of a state’s prewar voters swear loyalty to the Union
2. Guarantees of African American equality -
Freedmen's Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau’s goal was to provide food, clothing,
healthcare, and education for both black and white refugees in
the South. The Bureau also helped to:
1. Reunite families that had been separated by slavery and war.
2. Negotiate fair labor contracts between former slaves and white landowners.
3. Helped represent African Americans in courts. -
Black Codes
Similar to Slave Codes, which restricted the freedom of movement and limited African American rights as free people. Curfews: black people could not gather after sunset.
Vagrancy Laws: Freedmen convicted of vagrancy – that is, not working
Labor Contracts: Freedmen - sign agreements for year of work. if quit in the middle - often lost all the wages.
Land Restrictions: Freed people could rent land or homes only rural areas - forced them to live on plantations. -
Without federal troops in the south, black were kept from voting by:
- intimidation
- poll taxes (couldn't afford)
- Literacy tests
- Grandfather clause
-
Sharecropping - the job for poor whites and AA
system where landowners divided their land and assigned households a few acres to work the land and keep a small share of the crops grown -
Plessy VS. Ferguson
Homer Plessy was 1/8th black and tried to sit in the white section of a train carl, was arrested
US Supreme Court ruled that facilities could be seperate as long as they were equal, thus establishing the "Seperate but Equal" clause which allowed for legal segregation in the South -
Radical Reconstruction Plan - Congresses plan
Many Republicans in Congress felt Lincolns plan was too lenient on those they considered traitors to the union. led by a group known as radical republicans, members of the congress passed the wade davis bill in 1864. in this plan, 50 % of state residents would need to swear an oath to the US, and that number excluded any known supporter of the rebellion. it did not ask states to ratify emancipation, but left it up to the courts to enforce -
FEW MORE VOCAB
Manifest Destiny: 19th belief that the US would inevitably expand westward to pac. ocean and into mex. territory
Annex: incorp. a country within the domain of the state
Land Grant: land given to rail road companys by the federal government to motivate settlers to move west
Sovereign: one possessing or held to possess supreme political power
Reservation: a piece of public land set aside by the federal government for Native American tribes
Assimilation: a minority groups adoption of their believes -
How did it end?
- Northern numbers and centralized war effort was too much for the Southern military to overcome
- Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865
- Lincoln was shot by John Wikes Booth at Ford's theater on April 14, 1865 and died the next morning
- Andrew Johnson was sworn in as president
-
Lincoln's death
Five days after Lee's surrender at Appomattox, President Lincoln was shot while attending the theater. He died in the morning of April 15, 1865 -
Seven Factors of America's Industrial Growth
- Natural Resources: Become goods
- Capital ($) Needed to pay for the production of goods
- Labor Supply: Used to make goods
- Technology: Better ways to make more & better
- Consumers: Bought & used goods & services
- Transportation: Linked raw materials to factories & factory goods to consumers
- Government Cooperation
-
Government Cooperation
a. High tariffs
b. Patent System protected and encouraged inventions
c. No Interstate Tax = Free Trade (Rural Free Delivery)
d. Land Grants to railroads encouraged westward growth
e. Laissez-Faire philosophy = Hands-Off (limited) Government -
Period: to
The Industrial Age
= Industrial Era or Gilded Age or Progressive Era
The Industrial Revolution, now also known as the First Industrial Revolution, was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1870 to 1914 -
What changes were enacted?
a. The Reconstruction Amendments
b. The Reconstruction Acts (tried to prevent states from discriminating against blacks)
c. The Enforcement Acts (allowed the Federal Government to intervene when states refused to follow these laws)
d. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (prohibited discrimination in public services like hotels, public transport and restaurants)
e. If the laws are followed and enforced, discrimination based on race is illegal! -
The Compromise of 1877
gave Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) if he agrees to pull all federal troops from the south. Samuel Tilden (Democrat)was his opponent in the election in 1876 Democrates supported slavery while REpublican were anti-slavery and anti-south. Tilden would have won but FLorida, Lousiana and South Carolina didn't count - questions around the vote casts.
January 1877-Congress established a 15-member Electoral Commision to resolve the issue
informal agreement that Hayes will be president (19th) -
Presidents in the correct order
16: Lincoln
17: Johnson
18: Ulysses
19: Hayes -
Tariffs - 1878
high tariffs (tax on imports) -> buying American goods -
The Civil Rights Cases of 1883
- Southern businesses owners were refusing public services to blacks
- US surpreme court struck down the Civil RIghts Act of 1875, saying that the 14th Amendment applied only to the states; private citizens could now legally discriminate based on race
-
Industrial age - Integration Tactics
- Vertical Integration: buying up resources, transportation, etc
- Horizontal Integration: merging like companies together
-
Labor Supply - setting the stage
a. By 1890, the frontier was officially considered closed
b. Free land was no longer available to settlers moving west
c. Two waves of immigrants would come to settle America
d.Differences in culture as well as competition for jobs would create tension -
Labor Supply - Sources of Labor During the Industrial Age
a. Migration from farms to cities (urbanization)
i.Between 1860G1915 rural population doubled, but urban popgrew 700%
ii.By 1915, more than 1 in 3 people living in cities came from farms
1. Young,single women saw little futures on
2.Many migrants black southern sharecroppers seeking
better life in Northern cities
3. Farms were becoming more mechanized-
less human power needed
b. Immigrants provided a large pool of labor for industry
i. Immigrants arrived in 2 large waves or periods -
Labor Supply - wave 1
- Wave1 Before 1880 = “Old Immigrants” a. Almost all came from N&W Europe b. Ex:GB,Germany,Scandinavia
-
Labor Supply - Industry Exploited Workers
a. Coal mines (boys) and textile factories (girls & women)
b.Women and children made up more than 50% of industrial workforce in 1880s
c.Workers no longer felt valued by their employers,but became
interchangeable parts in the machine of industry
d. Workers faced:
i. Low pay
ii. Long hours
iii. Poor & unsafe working conditions
e. Felt powerless a single worker was no match against an employer -
Labor Supply - wave 2
Wave #2 (After 1880) = “New Immigrants”
More than one third came from Southern or Eastern Europe
Ex:Italy, Greece,Slavic
Their different languages, religions, and customs
set them apart from most “old immigrants,”feeding intolerance
Contributed to a surplus of labor by mid 1880s
Became targets of discrimination, fueled by renewed
attitude of Nativism among some“old immigrants”
Nativism: prejudice by native-born Americans against
new immigrants, fueled by cultural differences
economic threat -
WW2 VOCAB 2
Neutrality: not taking
sides Pacifist: a person who
is opposed to war, and
refuses to fight under
any circumstances Trench Warfare: A
system of fighting a
war from ditches dug
to slow down the
enemy and protect the
infantry soldiers from
enemy fire. Huns: Slang term for
Germans during
WWI to imply they
were savage and
uncivilized. No Man’s Land: Are
between enemy lines/
armies Contraband &
Munitions: illegal
goods; war materials -
Main Causes for WW1
Militarism
Alliance
Imperialism
Nationalism
Extreme Leaders -
Allied Powers in WW1
France, Portugal, Italy, Romania, Serbia, GB, Ireland, Russia, Belgium -
Central Powers in WW1
Germany, Austria Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman-Empire -
Neutral Countries during WW!
Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Albania -
WW2 VOCAB 3
Bonds: paper notes
given by the gov’t to
those from who it
borrowed $,
promising to pay the
$ back in a certain
length of time. Mobilize: to put into
action Conscription: draft
(mandatory service) Sedition: the use of
language to stir up
rebellion against a
gov’t -
WW2 VOCAB 4
Armistice: a stop to
the fighting Disarmament: the
reduction of
weapons, military
supplies, and armed
forces of a gov’t Reparations:
payments required
from a defeated
nation for the
damages and injuries
it caused during a
war Isolationism: a policy
of avoiding alliances
and other types of
involvements in
affairs of other
nations -
SPANISCH WAR
The United States trades
with Cuba
Spain controls Cuba
Cuba wantsindependence fromSpain
America promises to
support Cuba’s
independence in order to
protect our business
1898- President McKinley
is hoping to avoid war
Extreme journalists call
for war (yellow
journalism)
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
McKinley sends the USS
Maine- a ship- to Cuba
On Feb 15, 1898- the USS Maine blew up! Yellow Journalists blamed Spain They called for war!April 20, 1898 the US declared war on Spain -
Trench Warefare
- stalemate: no side is able to move it up/ nobody is winning
- no mans land: area between the trenches
- new weapons: poisonous gas, tanks that can drive though no mans land,
-
WW2 VOCAB
Nationalism: A feelingof pride in you nationor ethnic (culture) and
extreme loyalty to thatgroup.
Militarism: The idea
that a nation will use
its armed forces to
threaten and acquire
power over other
nations or people; a
policy of aggressive
military
preparedness. Imperialism:
Spreading the
political or economic
control of one country
over another. Casualty: a military
person lost through
death, wounds,
injury, sickness,
internment, or
capture or through
being missing in
action
