Key dates for 'Abortion in Victorian Literature'

  • The Ellenborough Act

    Abortion (after quickening) is criminalised and carries the death penalty.
  • Amendment to The Ellenborough Act

    Removal of quickening from the 1803 act.
  • Beginning of Queen Victoria's reign

    Beginning of Queen Victoria's reign

  • James Whitehead's report of abortion cases

    Whitehead, a physician at the Manchester Lying-in Hospital, claimed out of 2,000 women questioned, 747 had experienced at least one abortion. Although, Whitehead uses abortion interchangeably with 'miscarriage'. See https://wellcomecollection.org/works/x4yv42ws
  • Mrs Glover's operation at St. Barts

    Charles West unknowingly and unintentionally procured an abortion on an undetected foetus while attempting to remove a tumour from Mrs Glover's womb.
  • Charlotte Brontë's death

    Charlotte Brontë's death

  • Elizabeth Gaskell's letter to John Greenwood

    On learning of Charlotte Brontë's death, Gaskell writes to John Greenwood claiming if she had known of Charlotte's illness she "could have induced her,--even though they had all felt angry with me at first,--to do what was absolutely necessary, for her very life". See The Further Letters of Mrs. Gaskell, ed. by J. A. V. Chapple and Arthur Pollard (1997), p. 337.
  • The Life of Charlotte Brontë published

    Elizabeth Gaskell's biography published two years after Charlotte's death.
  • Adam Bede published

    George Eliot's story of unwanted pregnancy and infanticide.
  • Offences Against the Person Act 1861

    Sections 58 and 59 criminalised the use of drugs and instruments to procure abortion. This legislation remains active in England and Wales today.
  • Wilkie Collins's Armadale is first published

    Wilkie Collins's Armadale is first published

    Armadale is published serially from 1964-66.
  • First Contagious Diseases Act passed

    The legislation allowed for the arrest of any woman suspected of being a prostitute. The act also allowed for compulsory examinations for venereal disease.
  • First trial of Madame Rachel

    Sarah Rachel Russell (or Leverson) first goes on trial for fraud. Sentenced to five years imprisonment.
  • George Eliot's Middlemarch

    George Eliot's Middlemarch

    Published in eight parts in 1871-72.
  • Second trial of Madame Rachel after release from prison

    Madame Rachel tried again for five years but dies in prison.
  • The Causes and Treatments of Abortion by Robert Rentoul is published

    Rentoul lists the recommended reasons for artificial abortion and the ways in which the operation may be performed. See https://wellcomecollection.org/works/nyp4yyq4 pp. 135-37.
  • Esther Waters is published

    George Moore's novel first published.
  • Ménie Muriel Dowie's Gallia is published

    Ménie Muriel Dowie's Gallia is published

  • Edith Ellis's Seaweed is published

  • Death of Queen Victoria