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WWI
-Began because of the death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
-Brought about the machine gun
-German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires had all been defeated by the end of the war
-League of NAtions formed to prevent another major conflict like this one -
Russian Revolution
-Series of revolutions in Russia
-Took down the Tsarist autocracy to form a provisional government
-Provisional government was taken down during revolution too
-Led to the creation of the Soviet Union -
Wilson's 14-Point Plan
-Woodrow Wilson's plan to end WWI
-Generally welcomed by Europe
-Never ratified by the U.S. Senate
-Ended up not being put in effect -
Nelson Mandela
-Activist against apartheid in Africa
-Leader of the African National Congress
-Imprisoned by the South Afriacan Courts for leading a movement against apartheid
-Became the President of South Africa after he was released from prison
-Has been awarded The Noble Peace Prize -
Treaty of Versailles
-Treaty that ended World War I
-Germany was forced to accept responsibility for starting the war
-Germany wasn't allowed to have an army anymore -
League of Nations
-Formed after WWI in the Paris Peace Conference
-Joined to ensure another world war wouldn't occur again
-Based in Switzerland
-Idea came from the president of the U.S., however the U.S. didn't join -
Ghandi
-Went to law school in London
-Fought for the people of India and South Africa's important civil liberties
-Believed the way to succeed was without the use of violence
-Led many protest against the gruesome treatment of people -
Chinese Civil War
-War between the Kuomintang (nationalist) and the communist in China
-One side wanted to make China more like The U.S. (who supported this side) and the other wanted to make China like The Soviet Union (who supported this side)
-The Communist, led by Mao Zedong, won
-Mao was made China's leader and named it The People's Republic of China -
Stalin's 5-Year Plan
-Plan to modernize Russia economaically
-Dams, railroads, canals, mines and factories were built
-Created by Stalin to reach the rest of the industrialized world
-Most structres were built using prison labor
-If prison workers ran out, Stalin could just have more people arrested and force them to work -
Great Depression
-Severe worldwide depression
-Occured after WWI
-Originated in the U.S. with the fall of stock prices
- Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped for many around the world, rich and poor
-International trade went down -
Hitler comes to power
-Able to rise to power in Germany because of the weak state it was in after WWI
-Hitler and his party, the Nazis, atracted members of the middle and lower class for the most part
-Appointed chancellor in 1933
-Many Germans believed he would save their nation -
WWII
-Began with the Germans invasion of Poland
-Germany was still upset with the outsome of WWI
-Britain and France declared war on Germany immediately afterwards
-The drop of the Berlin Wall was a sign of the end of the war -
Vietnam War
-Struggle between nationalists forces attempting to unify Vietnnam under a communist government and the U.S. trying to prevent the spread of communism
-Vietnam was divided into the North and South after the Geneva Accords were signed
-President Nixon slowly withdrew U.S. troops from Vietnam, left the south weak
-South surrendered to the north in 1975, the country was reunited as a communist country -
Cold War
-War between communist nations (led by the Soviet Union) and democratic nations (led by the U.S.)
-After WWII, the U.S. and the USSR held high power in the world so they grew to be rivals
-Both sides got a hold of nuclear weapons so always threatend one another, though didn't attack beacuse of the extent of destruction they'd cause
-Ended with the fall of the Iron Curtain (division between both sides, west Europe and east) -
Juan Peron
-An Argentine general and diplomat
-Elected to serve as president of Argentina three times
-His policies usually favored the working class
-Wanted to increase emloyment and economic growth for his people
-Managed to be in good terms with both The U.S. and The Soviet Union during the years of the Cold War -
Indian Independence
-Land had been conquered by the British, little by little, since 1619
-People of India prospered British rule due to the economic benefits they held, socially it was a different story
-Indians began boycotting goods, courts, schools and elections that had came from the British
-British lost control of India because of how complex the region had become (many different cultures, languages, religions, etc.) -
Creation of Pakistan
-Seperated from the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent
-Movement towards an independent Muslim state was led by Muhammad Ali
-Movement became popular because of the Muslims of the Indian region
-Built upon the idea of a two-nation theory, which was composed of "one nation, one culture, one language" -
NATO
-A political association between the U.S. and it's western allies
-All memebers of NATO were to defend eachother if such event would occur where one was being attacked or threatend by an external party
-Based in Brussels, Belgium
-Caused some Europeans to adopt U.S. military practices -
Mao Zedong and Maoism
-Founder and leader of The People's Republic of China
-Wanted to eliminate social classes and have a communist government
-Launched a cultural revolution and wanted to get rid of the four olds (customs, ideas, habits, and culture)
-Killed anybody who did't agree with his ideas
-An ideology formed after him, Maoism, which followed Mao's beliefs -
Korean War
-Began when the Soviet Union and the U.S. ran Japan out of Korea, the USSR maintained the top half while the U.S. took the bottom half
-USSR left behind a communist government in the north, while the U.S. left behind a democratic government
-Each side wanted to unify Korea into their own form of government
-North Korea invaded the south
-UN met with other countries to try and settle the dispute but no agreement was ever reached -
Warsaw Pact
-An allience between The Soviet Union and it's eastern alliences, known to be agreed upon in The Treaty of Friendship
-Military allience where one country would come to the aid of another should a foreign party place a threat or choose to attack them
-Warsaw Pact was made in responce to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization -
Great Leap Forward
-An attempt by Mao Zedong to modernize China's economy
-Mao wanted to rival the economy of America
-Planned to develop industry and agriculture
-People were forced to work for series of communes, not for themselves -
Berlin Wall
-Barrier built seperating East Germany and West Germanyduring the Cold War
-East Germany allied with The Soviet Union
-East German's weren't allowed to go to the other side of the wall
-The fall of the Berlin Wall was one of the signs that the Cold War had ended -
Bay of PIgs
-Plan by a CIA force of Cuban exiles and the U.S. to invade southern Cuba
-Goal was to overthrow the Cuban governemnt of Fidel Castro
-The U.S. felt threatend by the communist government and didn't want it to spread to their country
-Invasion was unsuccessful as the cuban military put up a strong fight against the U.S. -
Cuban Missle Crisis
-The Soviet Union wanted to build nuclear weapons in Cuba pointing at the United States to place a threat at them
-Fidel Castro, leader of Cuba, welcomed the idea since he felt threatened by the U.S.
-Word got out of the construction of the nuclear weapons being built and President Kennedy demanded the USSR to back out of the plan
-Naval forces surrounded Cuba stopping the construction of the nuclear weapons -
Helsinki Accords
-Signed by 35 nations
-Recognized the borders of Europe and of teh Soviet Union
-All nations agreed to promote personal liberties to those in theri countries
-Accords provided both the western countries and the USSR with what they had been seeking -
Islamic Revolution (Iran)
-Began with the opposition of the Shi'i against the Shah
-Opposition was led by Ayatollah Khomeini who distributed casettes all through Iran
-The Shah left Iran, Shapour Bakhtiar became prime minister, Bakhtiar then went into hiding because of the chaos, and Khomeini became the spiritual leader of Iran
-Khomeini made a new constitution reflecting all his ideals of Islamic governemnt
-Khomeini died and was replaced by Hojatolislam Said Ali Khamenei, who improved relations with the west -
Iran-Iraq War
-Iraq attacked Iran claiming Iranian forces were staging raids across their common border
-Iraqi President Saddam Hussein wanted full control of the Shatt al-Arab waterway
-Waterway was an important channel for the oil exports of both countries
-In the end, borders of both countries remained unchanged and Hussein recognized Iran's rights to the eastern half of the Shatt al-Arab -
Tiananmen Square
-A city square in the center of Beijing, China
-Protest began in the square with the mourning over the death of a party official who had been killed over his support of political liberalization
-Protest turned into a mass movement for political reform in support of liberization
-The government responded with force against the protesters, leaving many killed or injured -
Reunification of Germany
-Triggered by the fall of the Berlin Wall
-Both Germanies signed a treaty, Two-plus-Four-Treaty, to agree on the union
-West and East Germany reached an agreement with the powers responsible for Germany as a whole in regards to foreign and security policy determining German unity
-Consider themselves a post-classical democratic national state -
USSR Disintegrates
-Disintegration occurred in their economy, social structure, and political structure
-Caused by the weakening of the Soviet government
-The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union agreed to give up its power
-Many of the republics of the Soviet Union declared their independence and were recognized as sovereign nation-states -
September 11, 2001
-Two World Trade Center towers in New York attacked by airlines, as well as the Pentagon and another attack in Pennsylvania
-The deadliest terrorist attack in America
-Attacks were coordinated by Al-Qaeda
-Left about 3,000 people dead from passangers in the jets, to firefighters, to the hijackers