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Treaty of Versailles imposes heavy penalties on Germany, fostering resentment. -
Benito Mussolini rises to power in Italy, establishing a fascist regime. -
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Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany; begins militarization.
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German troops occupy the Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
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Spanish Civil War—Germany and Italy support Francisco Franco’s victory.
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Germany occupies Czechoslovakia, violating the Munich Agreement. -
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact signed, secretly agreeing to divide Poland.