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Early urban centers develop in sumer
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unified state forms along the Nile, pharaohs rules as gods/kings
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Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro thrive with planned cities, irrigation, and trade.
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Early Chinese dynasties develop bronze technology and oracle bones.
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First written legal code emphasizing justice and hierarchy.
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First civilization in the Americas; known for colossal stone heads.
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Distinct religious tradition (Judaism) emerges; early monotheism.
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City-states (Athens, Sparta) democracy, philosophy, Persian Wars.
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Qin Shi Huang centralizes China builds Great Wall standardizes weights and writing.
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Augustus becomes first emperor; Rome transitions from republic to empire.