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Started in Great Britain and spread throughout Western Europe and North America. Marked the turning point from using handmade tools to machines on farms.
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Napoleon Bonaparte tried to take over European countries France, Britain, Spain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Napoleon was defeated in Waterloo, Belgium in 1815, thus leading to the Congress of Vienna.
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Inspired by U.S. and French revolutions Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin helped nations like Mexico, Argentina, and Peru gain freedom from Spain. This spanned from September 1808 until 1825.
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In London, England Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection. This revolutionized biology and challenged religious worldviews.