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Started in Great Britain and spread throughout Western Europe and North America. Marked the turning point from using handmade tools to machines on farms. -
Napoleon Bonaparte tried to take over European countries France, Britain, Spain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Napoleon was defeated in Waterloo, Belgium in 1815, thus leading to the Congress of Vienna. -
Inspired by U.S. and French revolutions Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin helped nations like Mexico, Argentina, and Peru gain freedom from Spain. This spanned from September 1808 until 1825. -
In London, England Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection. This revolutionized biology and challenged religious worldviews. -
Italy 1861 Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini united city states and kingdoms under King Victor Emmanuel II. This set the tone for national pride and encouraged similar movements around the world. -
United States 1861-1865 a war between the Union and Confederacy. This Civil War was the direct cause of the abolition of slavery and birth of the 13th Amendment. -
1868 Japan Emperor Meiji restored to power which ended feudal rule. Japan modernized rapidly after. They adopted Western technology, education and military systems thus became a world power. -
1871 Germany- Achieved by Otto von Bismarck after victory in the Franco Prussian War. This created a powerful, industrialized German Empire. -
1876 Boson, Massachusetts, USA Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone transforming communicating and linking the modern world. -
European powers at the Berlin Conference divided nearly all of Africa for colonization. This reshaped global trade, borders and politics for generations.