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Benito Mussolini
-In Italy Benito Mussolini developed a new tyoe if Politival party and seized power
-By 1921 Mussolini established the fascist party
-Fasasm stressed Nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those of individuals -
Joseph Stalin
-Joseph Stalin was a powerful communist leader in the early years of the soviet union he was a dictator who terrorized the population and send many people to prison and labor camps
-One of the communist leaders greatest task was collectivize farming Stalin created a state owned farms
-While Stalin was the leader he steadily increased his power many of his enemies were shot or sent to Siberia -
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Axis
-Germany Italy and Japan led a group of nations called the Axis
-1930 the Nazi leader was Hitler and try to take revenge to the countries that defeated Germany in WW1 and wanted world domination
-1930 Japan invaded Manchuria because it had a lot of raw materials
-They want their own countries to grow and others to become weaker -
Japanese Expansion
-Japanese expansion in East Asia in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on china on September 27 1940 Japan signed the Tripartite pact with Germany and Italy then the U.S had stopped trade with Japanese which led them to attack the U.S and British forces in Asia and shortly after the Japanese had dropped a bomb on Pearl Harbor leading to the U.S declaring war on the Japanese and joining the war -
Adolph Hitler
-In Germany Adolph Hitler had followed a path to power similar to Mussolinis
-In 1919 he joined a struggling group called the nazi party
-Hitler quickly became the partys leader he established a dictaership as brutal or worse than stalins
-He was determind to achieve Germnadomination of Europe -
Rosie the Riveter
-Was a cultural icon during WWII representing the women who worked in factories many who produced munitions or war supplies -
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Advance Technology in WWII (part c)
-Torpedoes was used to destroy submarines and ships from long distance b/c bullets couldnt go far and do alotof damaged
-Bombing raids were use to destroy anything in a certain area such as factories that produce military equipment in WWII
-Wolf packs were German submarines that had mass attacks tactis against convoys a group of ships warships and submarines that attack a certain targte all at once -
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Volunteerism of WWII (victory corps)
-Domestic:Homefront both girls and boys from white and african american schools participated
-Physical fitness program enroll in war effor classes volunteer one ectra curricular wartime activity
-Warfront Efforts:Was to prepar highschool stufrnt to aid in the war effor on the homfront and fronties -
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Japans war expanison
-Japan wished to replace european imperialism in asia whit the imperialism of an asian power
-Place and dates Japan invaded
-Manchuria 1937
-Southern indochina 1941
-Roosevelt froze japan assets in the U.S.A by cutting of all trade with japan -
German Expansion
-The German invasion of western Poland on 1 September 1939 led to WWII between 1939 and 1941 the German army invaded and occupied many countries including the Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg France Denmark Norway and western Poland the invasion of Poland led both Britain and France to declare war on Germany and then began the war because German invasions continued more of the countries declared war on the Germans and their allies which caused an internal response of war -
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Volunteerism in WWII
At Home-Began Blood donor services in america to produce lifesaving plasma for the armed forces served in hospitals produced emergency supplies collected scrap ran victory gardens and maintained training programs
Overseas-Became the chief providers of relief supplies in supplies in Europe served as field directors provided supports for troops operated and were attached to military hospitals -
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Allied
-Great Britain United States of America soviet union France led a group of nations called Allied
-In 1941 congress voted that a state of war existed between USA and japan
-War caused by German expansionism England and France were unprepared for war
-When Hitler invaded Poland WWII began -
Rationing 1940
-Rationing is the controlled distribution of scare resources and goods
-Rationing items were gasoline tires meat butter and jellies
-People had to use "Rationing Goods" which were issued to each family based on its size -
M1 Semi Automic Rifle and Radar
-The designed of the M1 allowed the Americans to fire more shots against their German and Japanese counter parts
-Battles were won by the side that was first to spot enemy airplanes ships or submarines the radar helped see hundreds of miles away even at night -
Lend Lease Program
Purpose:Franklin Roosevelt introduced the Lend Lease Program to congress it was intended to help Britain beat back Hitlers advance while keeping America only in directed involved in WWII
Result:Lend-Lease program provided for military did to any country whose defense was vital to the security of the U.S
Effect:Lend Lease program was the principal way to get out of the Great Depression -
Civilian Defense Organization
-Roosevelt set up the office of civilization defense (OCD) to coordinate state and federal measures to protect civilians in war related emergency the ocd organized the U.S citizens defense corps to recruit and trains volunteers to reform essential tasks -
War Bonds 1941
-Way to remove money from circulation as well as reduce inflation
-People would buy Bonds and the gov promised to return to them w/interest after 10yr or more
-Gov needs to $ to pay 4 war equipment -
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Code Talkers
Navajo code talkers played a key role in the pacific campaign.The American military needed an undecipherable code that could not be broken by the Japanese. The Navajo language is unwritten and extremely complex american forces could transmit messages by telephone and radio in a code that the Japanese were unable to break -
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WACS
Women joined the new Womens Army corps after basic training most of these women took clerical jobs in the military women replaced jobs formerly help by men such as ship building and aircraft production.The idea was to have women fill jobs held by men to sen more men to war. Between 1941-1945 more than 6.5 mil. women entered the work force -
Pearl Harbor
December 7,1941 two waves of japanese attack sank or severly damaged 18 U.S ships on the air fields more than 260 air planes were damaged or destroyed while the attack killed or injured almost 6000 american DSR said yeasterday December 7 1941 a date which will live infamy the united states of america was saddenly and deliberately attacked by Naval and air force of the empire of japan -
Women in the Military
-WACS-Women Army Corps
-Auxiliary unit
-Women were doing office things while men in the office were shipped over seas to fight
-The women did paperwork supply food telegram etc
-WAVES
-At the end of WWII the women couldn't stay in the navy -
Executive Order 9066
U.S presidential executive order signed and issued during ww2 by Roosevelt authorizing the secretary of war to prescribe certain areas as military zones clearing the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans
The attack on Pearl Harbor in Dec1941 led 2 growing suspicions largely by racism & fear about the loyalty of Japanese Americans -
Executive Order 9066
Japanese ancestry was classified as "Enemy Aliens" curfews were instituted and assets were frozen 120,000 Japanese American were informed that the gov would forcibly remove them from their communities to relocation centers -
Bataan Death March
-The Bataan Death March happened after the U.S surrender of the Bataan peninsula it affected the war tide in favor of the axis powers.Allied prisoners were forced to march 65 miles to prison Campos where thousands died from disease mistreatment and starvation -
Battle of Midway
-The Battle of midway pushed the war tide in favor of the allied powers since it was one of the most decisive U.S victories against japan
-The U.S inflicted permanent damage on the Japanese navy this was the turning pain of U.S against japan. -
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U.S office of war information
Responsibilities-control the content and imagery of war messages and make citizens aware of how they could help in the war effort
activities-Produced radio programs news reels asked citizens to contribute time/money create products consent resources donate and stir up distrust to lower enemy and population morals to promote surrender -
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Island Hopping
Island hopping was effecting the tide in favor of the allied powers b/c they kept pushing Japanese forces out of the islands through the offensive against the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Archipelago which had marked the beginning of "Island Hopping" fought between August 1942 and February 1943 eventually succeed forcing japan to relinquish the islands -
WAVE
Women accepted for volunteer emergency service was created in 1942 in response to the need for additional military personnel during WWII WAVES were official part of the navy its members held the same rank and ratings as male personnel WAVES could not serve aboard combat ships or aircraft and initially were restricted to activity in the continental U.S at the end of WWII there were over 8,000 female officers -
Radar
Used to create an electronic map of all objects in all directions and a great distances away as possible also to locate the prices position of previously detected target this was a great advantage for pilots cause it gave them the opportunity to attack a target at night it also detected incoming German and Japanese planes. -
Douglas MacArthur
-American 5 star general and field Marshall of the Philippine Army
-MacArthur was chief of staff during WWII
-Led the U.S army in "Island Hopping" in the south west pacific campaign -
Isoroku Yamamato
Japanese Marshal admiral and commander in chief of the combined flect
Played a vital role (executed the surprise attack) in Pearl Harbor which made Japan victorious -
Chester W. Nimitz
-Was leading the U.S navy authority on submarines
-He was the U.S.A last surviving officer who ranked as a fleet admiral
-Admiral Chester was appointed commander in chief of the U.S pacific fleet just after pearl harbor
-He commanded U.S forces at the battle of midway
-This battle halted the Japanese advance in the pacific -
Bernard Montgomery
-Senior British army officer in the African and European war
-Commanded the British 8th Army and 21st army during the Euro campaign
-Was over all British Troops on June 6 1944 "D-Day" -
Erwin Rommel
-Field Marshal
-Germans most popular general during WWII
-On "D-Day" he discussed with other officers about surrendering
-Due to his ties to the plot to overthrow Hitler he was murdered -
Chester W. Nimitz
-Was leading the US army authority on submarines
-He was the us last surviving officer who ranked as a fleet admiral
-Admiral Chester was appointed commander in chief of the us pacific fleet just after pearl harbor
-He commanded us forces at the Battle of Midway
-This battle halted the Japanese advance in the Pacific -
Victory Gardens
-As part of the war effort the gov rationed food like sugar butter milk cheese eggs coffee meat and canned goods
-The gov turned to its citizens and encouraged them to plant "victory Gardens" -
Higgins Boats
-Higgins boats were a landing craft used extensively in amphibious in WWII the crafts were designed by Andrew Higgins based on boats made for operations in swamps or marshes -
George c Marshall
-Acted as chief of staff and the "organizer of victory"
-Worried closely w/ Roosevelt to urge military to prepare b4 pearl harbor
-Built a army of 8 million men
-Later helped oversea the creation of the first atomic bomb -
Omar Bradley
-Was a senior officer of the U.S army
-He was in service in north america and western Europe
-He then became general of the first american army to land in France -
D-Day
Effected the war tide for the Allies positively b/c the battle foreshadowed the end of Hitlers dream of Nazi domination D-Day was the largest air land and sea operation undertaken the landing included over 5,000 ships 11,000 airplanes and over 150,000 service men.By the end the Allies had reached the seine river Paris was liberated and the Germans had been Removed from Northwestern France effectively concluding the Battle of Normandy -
Korematsu vs. U.S
-Korematsu was a Japanese american convicted of staying in restricted area
-He believed his constitutional rights were violated
-Roosevelt ordered that constitutional liberties may be limited during war time
-This case went against the Executive order 9066
-50 years later congress apologized and payed reparation to Japanese Americans -
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The Yalta:Potsdam conference
-The "YP" conference was created for the big 3 to create a solution for the end of WWII
-The conf included the event soviet union leader Joseph Stalin British Prime minister Winston Churchill and U.S president Roosevelt
-The main countries were U.S Britain the soviet union counties
-They made a decision to divide Germany into 4 zones and they allowed free elections in the count from the German Rules -
The U.S and European Countries
In the U.S the war happened after the Great Depression 30% unemployment was cut down to less than 5% after the employment boost due to the war. The European countries were left to rebuild the U.S lended money to the countries and Germany was the only country to fully pay it back in 1990 -
Truman's Fair Deal
-Truman's fair deal an extension of Roosevelt's New Deal included proposals for a nationwide system of health insurance and a crop system to provide steady income to farmers
-Truman's ideas prevailed congress raised the hourly minimum wage 40 cents to 75 cents extended social security courage to about 10 million more people and inflated flood control an irrigation projects