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Jackson’s success was crowned by his election as president of the United States in 1828. About 30,000 people witnessed his inauguration in March 1829. But he endured the ceremony with a heavy heart. -
The issue placed Jackson in a tough position. He supported states’ rights, and he had picked Calhoun to be his vice president. But he disagreed with Calhoun’s notion that states should be able to prevent the federal government from acting on behalf of the nation as a whole. -
Jackson supported these laws and, in 1830, approved another law that took Native American relocation a step further. The law was the Indian Removal Act, which ended the U.S. government’s earlier policy of respecting the rights of Native Americans to remain on land they’d lived on for generations. Under this policy, they were forced to move to an area of land that included present-day Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska. The area came to be known as Indian Territory. -
On July 10, 1832, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill that would have renewed the corporate charter for the Second Bank of the United States. It was one of the most definitive acts of his presidency. -
Running on the Democratic ticket, Jackson wins reelection to the presidency, soundly defeating Henry Clay and William Wirt. Jackson scores an impressive victory, amassing 219 electoral votes to Clay's 49. The election marks the entrance of third parties onto the national scene, with Wirt running on the Anti-Masonic ticket. -
The war started in October 2 ,1835 with the Battle of Gonzales, a victory for Texas. More battles followed, and Santa Anna soon led an army from Mexico City to put down the rebellion. The war ended April 21, 1836. -
In 1837, Horace Mann put the ideas of the common school movement into action. Mann wanted the public education system to be rooted in good citizenship and moral education that would prepare students for society and the workforce. His crusade helped establish a public education system in Massachusetts for students of all social classes, genders, races, ethnicities, and faiths. Soon, other states followed. -
The Santa Fe Trail represented only one of several important routes to the West. Independence was also the starting point for two other important trails. The Oregon Trail led to the Oregon Country in the Northwest. This region included the present-day states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho as well as parts of Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. -
In 1845,editor John O’Sullivan wrote an editorial urging the United States to annex, or add, Texas as a state. He also wrote that Americans had a “ manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent.The phrase, and the purpose underlying manifest destiny, reflected several cultural assumptions, including the certainty that the United States would indeed, should one day stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. -
Texas remained independent for almost 10 years. Then, in 1844, annexation gained a supporter in the White House James K. Polk. Polk had been the Speaker of the House and the governor of Tennessee, but he was not a superstar politician. When the Democrats nominated him for president in 1844, he was an unknown candidate who had little chance of winning. -
On June 14, 1846, American settlers took over the town of Sonoma and declared their independence from Mexico. They declared that their land was now the Republic of California. Because of their flag which featured a grizzly bear their insurrection, or rebellion, would become known as the Bear Flag Revolt. -
During the 1850s, nativists organized groups to oppose immigration. One of these groups called itself the American Party. Its leaders told new members to say “I know nothing” if anyone asked what the party did, so people began calling the American Party the Know-Nothing party. The party proposed laws that prevented immigrants, especially Irish Catholics, from voting and holding public office. -
In 1851, Sojourner Truth, who had attended Seneca Falls, delivered a powerful speech at the Women’s Rights Convention in Ohio. She asked, “Ain’t I a woman?” and drew attention to race in the fight for women’s rights. Truth was a passionate supporter of equality for men and women of all races. That same year, Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Susan B. Anthony. Coming from a Quaker family, Anthony supported both temperance and abolition. The two women began a friendship -
The Crimean War was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance made up of France, the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom and Sardinia. The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, then a part of the Ottoman Empire. -
The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America; four more states soon joined them. The War Between the States, as the Civil War was also known, ended in Confederate surrender in 1865.
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