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Spanish Colonization of Pueblo Indians
Juan de Onate attempted to colonize the Southwest and crossed the Rio Grande in 1595. Onate intended on colonizing the area with his powerful army which was inhabited by Pueblo Indians. His army health with any resistance from the Pueblo Indians with brutal and severe measures. Adult Pueblo males who survived attacks were punished by having one foot cut off and being enslaved. -
Pueblo Revolt
This revolt was under the leadership of a man named Pope who was a medicine man from San Juan. This revolt was a war for independence as the Pueblo Indians rose up in defense of their rights taken from them by their Spanish colonizers. This revolt aimed to reclaim their Puebloan culture, religious practices, and land from the Spanish conquistadors. -
New Mexico forbade Spanish Traders from Ute lands
In 1712, the New Mexican governor, Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, stopped Spanish traders from going to Ute lands. The Spanish valued their trading with the Ute. The Ute lands where in Northern New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. -
First Spaniard in Colorado
The first Spaniard to intensively explore what would eventually become Colorado was Juan Antonia Maria de Rivera. In 1765 he made two trips to western Colorado from New Mexico. He traveled as far as the Gunnison River. His exploration was because of a request from the governor of New Mexico. -
Juan Maria Antonio Rivera Travels to Indian Country
In 1765, the Governor of New Mexico granted Juan Maria Antonio Rivera permission to travel into Indian land. There were a couple of things that New Mexico wanted from the exhibition such as a crossing across the Colorado river, finding local Indian groups, and seeing how they responded to the Spanish. -
Mexico's Independence from Spain
Mexico gained its independence from Spain which caused the Spanish government to move from the Southwest. Everyone living in what was newly Mexican territory was put under the rule of the Republic of Mexico. This included the Navajo people living in present-day New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona being put under Mexican rule. This decision was not made with the input of the Navajo people living in the newly declared territory. -
Canadian National Character in Utah
Two Canadian trappers Provost and Quebecois followed the rivers that eventually led them into Utah. The two Canadian trappers joined an American fur company that was heading further south to New Mexico. By 1824 the expedition arrived to the Great Basin. Because of an apparent altercation with the Snake Indians, this expedition could be the first white man's view of the Great Salt Lake. -
William Ashley's Encounter with the Utes
William came in contact with a band of Western Ute people in the Uinta Basin. The Ute Indians that William came across took him by surprise as they were armed with English rifles and were wearing buffalo robes. -
The Rise of the Old Spanish Trail
At the beginning of the 1830s, the fur trade started to decline for the Spanish. The Old Spanish Trail was used mainly between 1830-1850 which was the last two-thirds of the Mexican period. The trail's purpose was to connect Los Angeles and Santa Fe with trade. -
Route Finished Between Santa Fe and Los Angeles
The 1,200-mile route that connected Sante Fe and Los Angeles was finished in 1830. The trail was completed by efforts from Dominguez-Escalante, Rivera, and other groups that were less known. The trail used horse-and-pack connected trade of the interior of New Mexico with the Pacific Ocean and the rest of the world. -
Black Hawk War
The Black Hawk War was named after a famous Sauk leader who fought in the battle. His people had been expelled from Illinois in 1831 and were the last Native Americans pushed out of Illinois by white settlers. -
Fur Trading Boom
The fur trade boom was short-lived and lasted from 1820-1840. Trappers came to the great basin in an effort to expand their commerce. New establish trading routes connected the fur trade to Spanish settlements in New Mexico. -
Joseph Smith's Destruction of the Printing Press
Joseph Smith spent time building the Morman religion in Nauvoo, Illinois. While in Nauvoo a local newspaper published allegations of a church-state alliance and the Morman's secret practice of polygamy. Fearing the negative impact this would have he ordered the destruction of the printing press. This led to his arrest in which after his prison was swarmed by vigilantes and he was killed. -
United States Declaring War on Mexico
The United States declared war on Mexico as tensions were spiked by conflict at the Texas border. President James K. Polk claimed that Mexico had invaded U.S. soil which previously belonged to Mexico. This war eventually acquired land from Mexico's northern lands which are now present-day Texas. -
Brigham Young's Pioneers Enter the Great Basin
There were at least six of Bringham Young's pioneers that entered the great basin which were antecedents of David Moore. These pioneers were canadian and may of knew eachother before their journieys wth Young as they were from the same areas in Canada. -
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The United States and Mexico signed a treaty to end the Mexican-American war. The treaty annexed 50 percent of Mexican territory with compensation for that territory of fifteen million dollars. This was declared a territory of the United States and has become what is now considered the Southwest. -
Moore Enters the Valley
Moore and his family started their journey west in may of 1846. Moore and his family lived in Iowa for a three-year stint where he involved himself in local politics. After he faced challenges because of his belief in the Morman religion he continued to travel west and eventually entered the valley. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 allowed Utah and New Mexico to make their own decision as to whether slavery was legal or not. A territorial government was established in Utah and was established by Congress on September 9th, 1850. -
An Act in Relation to Service
After the Compromise of 1850 Utah was left to decide whether to become a slave state. The Act in Relation to Service bill legalized slavery in 1852 and explained the responsibilities of the slave and slave master. There were sections of the act to deal with miscegenation issues: food, clothing, shelter, punishment, and education. -
Act for the Relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners of 1852
This act enabled Morman families to indenture Indian children for up to twenty years. This purchasing and indenturing of Indian children were justified by Young for humanitarian reasons. Young believed the children's freedom must be purchased and they shall live with their superiors being the white Mormons which they hoped one day the Indian children would mend to the perfect form of whiteness. This is a view that Mormons did not have for black people at the time. -
Missionaries Plant Cotton in Santa Clara
Morman leaders hoped to grow cotton in the Santa Clara area as Harmony missionaries were certain that the area could grow cotton. A petition to the territorial legislature in 1854 to send a company of 150 men to establish cotton plantations which were denied for a lack of funds and Indian hostility. Missionaries who already worked with the Indians planted a quart of cottonseed at a colony in Santa Clara which proved that cotton could be grown in the area. -
Fifty Families Sent to settle Washington, UT
Morman authorities during the time of the general conference in April called for fifty families and unmarried men to settle in Washington, UT. Most of the settlers were converters from the southern states. The settlers were instructed to supply the territory with cotton and when they arrived they dug ditches and damns and planted fifty pounds of cottonseed over a 400-acre field. They had difficulty growing the cotton in the sandy area although found success when keeping the sand wet with water. -
Fighting Between Ute and Navajo
The Ute tribe in large numbers was against the Indian neighbors the Navajo. This conflict in the heart of the Navajo country was seen by the federal government trying to get control of the Navajo people. The federal government helped the Utes get the Navajo under control and encouraged the Utes. -
Arrival of Canadian-Born Converts to Utah
Canadians up to the year 1860 were coming to Utah because of Morman missionaries. Missions to Canada were converting many Canadians to the religion by the year 1860. After this benchmark, Canadian converts moving to Utah dropped significantly. Few faithful Mormons remained in Canada and different parts of the midwest. -
Navajo and Paiute Cooperation
The Navajo were under increased pressure from the Utes during the 1860s. The Paiutes were already in Navajo everyday life but now served as lookouts at Navajo camps. Settlements were established at Bears Ears to stop surprise attacks and posted many Paiutes along approaches to the Navajo camps. -
General Conference of Saints in Salt Lake City
The principal consideration at the General Conference of Saints in SLC was the necessity to develop the resources in southern Utah. The names of 309 heads of families were read during the conference at the Salt Lake Tabernacle and were expected to "pull up stakes" and leave in an organized group to what is now called "Utah's Dixie". They were expected to become permanent settlers of southern Utah and to "cheerfully contribute". -
Morrill Land Grant College Act
The Morrill act was passed in an effort to end polygamy in Utah. This act allowed for lands to be taken worth over 50,000 dollars from individuals mainly those who were in the Morman church that was caught practicing polygamy. This meant the state could take away the land of temples all over the state. -
Discovery of Silver in Bingham Canyon
George B. Ogilvie while in Bingham Canyon discovered silver-bearing ore. After this discovery, Utah's mining boom started. With the large population of Canadians in the area the mining boom eventually brought the railroad in 1869. -
Completion of Transcontinental Railroad
Completion of the Transcontinental Railroad helped improve the general economic opportunities for mining and agricultural interests. Transportation greatly improved as the network expanded which benefitted the many companies that would use the railroad. The railroad also provided employment opportunities for black people. -
Establishment of Fort Duchesne
Fort Duchesne was constructed because of conflicts with Uta Indians with the goal of controlling the Indian population in eastern Utah, western Colorado, and southwestern Wyoming. Two troops of the Ninth Calvary arrived in 1886 at Fort Duchesne with four companies of infantry. There was a troop of 12 black soldiers stationed at the fort. -
Railroad Arrives in Utah
Before the arrival of the railroad in Utah, a teamster could only make one trip each summer from Independence, Missouri, and back to Salt Lake. When the railroads arrived the prices of goods were cut in half. For the pioneers in Utah life changed as there were no prohibitive tariffs on necessary items and luxuries were not longer restricted to the very few. -
Women Voting in Utah
Utah was the first state where women could exercise the right to vote. The 19th amendment came fifty years later and secured voting rights for women across the nation. -
Panic of 1873
A stock market crash in Europe caused investors to sell off the investments they had in America which were primarily railroads. This had disastrous effects on Utah's economy and other western states. This forced church officials to review their economic scheme and re-create a self-sufficient exchange system that would avoid the recourse of a fluctuating market. The "United Order" was given to this economic experiment which was enacted church-wide and particularly suited to southern Utah. -
Chinese Laundries in SLC Declared as Nuisances
Laws in Salt Lake City sought to restrict the Chinese and affect them where they have been the most successful which was their laundries. Salt Lake City stated the Chinese laundries to be nuisances and also fined several of the laundries for operating. There were other statutes and ordinances put in place to affect the Chinese such as not allowing Chinese butcher shops to butcher pigs in the city. -
Brigham Young Dies
Brigham Young died from apparent peritonitis caused by a ruptured appendix. Young was born in 1801 which made him 76 years old. The average in 1877 was 44 years old for men. -
Exclusion Laws Againts Chinese Immagrants
The Federal Exclusion Law drastically decreased the number of Chinese immigrants allowed to enter the country. The bill was not supported universally and in Salt Lake City it was called the "Wicked" and "un-American" bill. The Geary Act passed ten years later continued the exclusion period. -
Chinese Wash House Relocation
Jim Lung in 1883 asked the city to designate an area where wash houses could go to drain off their wash water. Other Salt Lake City Chinese citizens declared that Jim Lung did not speak for them and protested the move out of the city. Jack Fong reported to authorities that a white man had paid Jim to submit the petition. The city dropped the idea of relocating the wash houses. -
The Breaking of the Union Pacific Monopoly
The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad (D&RG) arrived in Utah in 1883 which broke the Union Pacific monopoly. D&RG acquired coal mines and rails in Carbon county which sometimes lowered the price of coal under five dollars a ton which Utahns still complained was too high. -
Edmunds Tucker Act
The Edmunds-Tucker Act help put an end to polygamy in Utah. The act prohibited bigamous or unlawful cohabitation which became a misdemeanor. This meant a marriage license was now required making it so you could only legally be married to one other person, ultimately making polygamy illegal. -
John Taylor Dies
John Taylor served as the third president of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints. He became president in 1880, three years after Brigham Young's death in 1877. His seven-year term ended with his death in 1887. He was the only president in LDS history to be born outside of the U.S. -
Establishment of Iosepa
Iosepa was a company mining town in Tooele County's Skull Vally. The Morman church operated the land and the businesses on them. Morman missionaries in Hawaii converted the native to the religion ultimately sending them to Skull Valley. Iosepa was abandoned by 1917, just 28 years. -
Panic of 1893
A panic erupted in the stock market after two of the country's largest employers which were the railroads collapsed. Because of this collapse, the Oregon Short Line which was part of the Union Pacific system was lost when they went bankrupt. This caused the Oregon Short Line to be defaulted and reorganized which gave them bargaining leverage. -
Twenty-Fourth Infantry Arrives at Fort Douglas
The twenty-fourth infantry arrived in Fort Douglas three years before the arrival of the ninth cavalry in 1899. The arrival of the twenty-fourth infantry was the first substantial black population stationed in the area. -
Utah Accommodates the Railroads
Greater powers were granted to railroads in Utah. The railroads would have the power lawfully purchase the capital stock of other railroad cooperations. Then added in 1901 companies could sell their bonds and stocks as they deem expedient. -
Greek Families Send Sons to America
The greek generation after Greece was defeated by the Turks in 1897 was poor or either completely lacking education with no other opportunities. After the current crop failed which was the main industry of Greece in 1907, families pooled together all the money they had to send their sons to America. Greek families took high-interest mortgages to raise money in the hope that their son in America makes enough money to bring their sisters. -
Black Restricted Residential Area Petition
Salt Lake commissioners in 1939 received a petition that had one thousand signatures asking for black people living in Salt Lake to be restricted to a residential area. The petition was started by Sheldon Brewster who was a realtor and bishop of the LDS church. Black people marched on the Capitol in protest of Brewer's actions of trying to persuade black people to sell their homes in the area. -
Termination Bills
Termination Bills were passed where federal policy attempted to disband Indian tribes and sell their land. This forced the dissolution of their communal property, relocation programs to move Indians to urban areas, and transferred many affairs tied to Indian affairs to be handled by the states. -
Beginning of Indian Child Placement in Maine
Indian children began to be removed from their families and put into Maine's foster-care system in the late 1950s. Some children after being removed described experiences of sexual assault in their new homes in Maine. The same group of Indian children also were sent to Canada and had the same experiences as the children in Maine. -
Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA)
This federal law was passed in an attempt to keep Indian children within Indian families. This was passed in response to the high number of Indian children that were being removed from their families and sent to non-Indian families many of whom were Morman. This act was brought up in the case of Jeremiah Halloway as his mother Cecelia tried to get him back from a Utah family. -
The Adoption of Jeremiah Halloway
The couple Patricia and Dan Carter filed a petition in the Fourth District Court for Utah County to adopt a three-year-old boy names Jeremiah Holloway. Jeremiah was born out of wedlock to his sixteen-year-old whose Navajo father had not acknowledged paternity. He had only been with his mother for six months before Patricia and Dan Carter was a white LDS couple from Spanish Fork, Utah. -
Utah Trial in the case of Jeremiah Halloway
The Utah court trial ruled that Jeremiah was abandoned by his mother Cecelia and was not domiciled on the Navajo reservation. This meant Jeremiah would remain in Utah where he was given the name Micheal by his LDS adoptive parents. The Utah court finalized the judgment in October 1983. -
Cecelia's Parental Rights Terminated
Cecelia's parental rights were formally terminated in the Utah court in February 1985. The court stated the reasoning for the ruling as" knowingly and voluntarily abandoned the child". With this action, the judge also granted Carter's adoption petition.