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The belief that human history is a record of progress.
The belief that human history is a record of progress is a core idea associated with the Enlightenment period, This movement emphasized reason, science, and individual liberty, and believed that humanity could steadily improve through the application of knowledge. -
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The emergence of Romanticism
Romanticism started in Western Europe, around the middle of the 18th century. At this time, the dominant artistic and cultural movement is Neoclassicism, -
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The first modern secularized theories of psychology and ethics.
emerged during the "Enlightenment" period, a philosophical movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, with key thinkers like John Locke, David Hume, and Thomas Hobbes contributing significantly to these ideas by focusing on reason and human experience -
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a central bank, law codes and a road and sewer system
As First Consul, Napoleon instituted a number of lasting reforms: centralised administration of government, a higher education system, a central bank, law codes and a road and sewer system, many of which are still in place today. -
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centralised administration of government,
is one in which both executive and legislative power is concentrated centrally at the higher level as opposed to it being more distributed at various lower level governments. -
french revolution
this is when the French Revolution started the Revolution precipitated a series of European wars -
the tennis court oath
The Third Estate, locked out of the Estates-General, swore to continue meeting until a new constitution was drafted -
Bastille prison
during the French Revolution, the most significant event was the storming of the Bastille prison in Paris on July 14th, which marked the beginning of the uprising against the monarchy -
the March on Versailles
Parisians marched on the royal palace at Versailles, forcing the royal family to return to Paris. -
The Civil Constitution
religious orders and monasteries were dissolved, while monks and nuns were encouraged to return to private life -
Establishment of the French Republic
The overthrow of the monarchy and the creation of a new republican government -
Execution of Louis XVI
King Louis XVI was tried for treason and guillotined, signifying the end of the monarchy -
Reign of Terror
A period of extreme violence and mass executions led by the Committee of Public Safety, primarily under Maximilien Robespierre. -
The Directory takes power
immediately after the suppression of royalist uprising in Paris, the elections for the new Councils decreed by the new Constitution took place. -
Napoleonic era begins
as frustration with their leadership reaches a fever pitch, Bonaparte stages a coup d'état, abolishing the Directory and appointing himself France's 'first consul' -
a higher education system
Higher education began to revive only in 1795, with schools of law and medicine, but real reform had to await Napoleon. The Napoleonic 'University' of 1808 was a centralized, secular, national body, with separate faculties which were not reconstituted as individual universities.