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Reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. -
Restored Bourbon monarchy after Napoleon's fall. -
Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by the Seventh Coalition. -
A brief liberal period in Spain following a military revolt. -
Culminated in the Independence of Greece in 1830. -
His conservative rule led to increasing opposition. -
Known as the "Citizen King"; ruled during the July Monarchy. -
Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. -
A customs union among German states led by Prussia. -
Established after the fall of Louis Philippe. -
A wave of revolutionary uprisings across Europe. -
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor. -
Key victories in the Second Italian War of Independence. -
Major step toward Italian unification. -
First king of a united Italy. -
Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark and gained Schleswig and Holstein. -
Prussia defeated Austria, leading to the exclusion of Austria from German affairs. -
Ended with the defeat of France and collapse of Napoleon III’s regime. -
German Empire proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.