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Congress of Vienna
Reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. -
Louis XVIII, King of France
Restored Bourbon monarchy after Napoleon's fall. -
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by the Seventh Coalition. -
Spanish Liberal Biennium
A brief liberal period in Spain following a military revolt. -
Greek War of Independence
Culminated in the Independence of Greece in 1830. -
Charles X, King of France
His conservative rule led to increasing opposition. -
Louis Philippe, King of France
Known as the "Citizen King"; ruled during the July Monarchy. -
Independence of Belgium
Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. -
Formation of the Zollverein
A customs union among German states led by Prussia. -
France's Second Republic
Established after the fall of Louis Philippe. -
Revolution of 1848 / Spring of Nations
A wave of revolutionary uprisings across Europe. -
France's Second Empire under Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor. -
Battles of Magenta and Solferino
Key victories in the Second Italian War of Independence. -
Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Major step toward Italian unification. -
Victor Emmanuel II becomes King of Italy
First king of a united Italy. -
Danish-Prussian War
Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark and gained Schleswig and Holstein. -
Austrian-Prussian War
Prussia defeated Austria, leading to the exclusion of Austria from German affairs. -
Franco-Prussian War
Ended with the defeat of France and collapse of Napoleon III’s regime. -
Wilhelm I becomes Kaiser of the Second German Reich
German Empire proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.