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Like a typewriter
Raised literacy rates, especially among poor
Both info and false info is spread quicker
Books are cheaper and more accessible. -
Fall of Constantinople: capture of the Byzantine's capital
End of the Byzantine Empire -
Royal house that ruled England
Henry VII to Elizabeth I
Starting with War of the Roses to Elizabeth's death without an heir -
God, Gold, Glory
Trying to find India, landed in America
Beneficial for Europe, devastating for Natives -
Granada: last standing Muslim stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula
Fell to Spain (the United Christian Kingdoms of Castile- Ferdinand, and Aragon- Isabella)
Christian Dominance -
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
All Jews had until the end of July to leave the country or convert to Catholicism -
Completion
In the Vatican
Humanism -
They wanted a reform in the Roman Catholic Church.
This included equal distributions of power
Resulted in a lot of wars
Major religious and political changes -
Martin Luther: Catholic who physically posted his 95 Thesus on a church door, critiquing the Roman Catholic Church
Ex: critiques "indulgences", which is church leaders accepting payment to pay for sins
Luther was excommunicated from the Church
This led to the Protestant Reformation -
Church gathered Luther to an audience and asked him
-Was he the author of the 25 works before them?
-Would he now recant the false teachings in them?
Luther gave a speech and said he wouldn't recant his works -
How to stay in power
Your people should fear you, not love you
Have to be ruthless and immoral sometimes -
Declared King Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England
Break from Papal authority
Anglican Church (branch of Protestant) -
Copernicus: Polish astronomer
New model of the cosmos that placed the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the universe -
In response to the Protestant Reformation
Meeting -
Treaty that ended the religious war between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
Allowed each Prince to decide if there territory is Catholic or Lutheran
Recognizes "Cuius regio, eius religio" (Whose realm, his religion) -
Targeted series of killing orchestrated by the French monarchy to eliminate Huguenot leaders to stabilize Catholicism -
King Henry III of France: supported by royalists and politiques
King Henry of Navarre: heir to French throne leader of the Huguenots, supported by Elizabeth I of England and the Protestant princes of Germany
Henry of Lorraine: Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, supported by Philip II of Spain -
Spanish Armada: fleet of ships sent by Spain to invade England
Part of it was that he wanted to restore the Roman Catholic faith in England.
Philip II of Spain
VS
Elizabeth I of England -
Granted religious tolerance and equality to the Huguenots (French Protestants) and ended the French Wars of Religion