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The Mesopotamian Summer civilization developed to the south of Mesopotamia near the Euphrates River. The first cities like Uruk, the first writing system called cuneiform, and a set of examples of fragmented cities developed here and would go on to shape many modern civilizations
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The Nubian civilization developed to the north of the Nile River. The Nubian civilization would constantly trade and interact with Egypt through the Nile river.
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Many chiefdoms along the south of the Nile River were united under one ruler called the Pharaoh. This created one of the most stable and powerful kingdoms in history