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Chiefdoms in Mesopotamia developed into independent city-states that would rise into powerful civilizations. These states would constantly be at war
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The Mesopotamian Summer civilization developed to the south of Mesopotamia near the Euphrates River. The first cities like Uruk, the first writing system called cuneiform, and a set of examples of fragmented cities developed here and would go on to shape many modern civilizations
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The Nubian civilization developed to the north of the Nile River. The Nubian civilization would constantly trade and interact with Egypt through the Nile river.
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Many chiefdoms along the south of the Nile River were united under one ruler called the Pharaoh. This created one of the most stable and powerful kingdoms in history
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The Indus Valley Civilization developed in modern-day Pakistan/India with managed cities. Unlike Mesopotamia and Egypt, the Indus Valley did not have palaces, kings, or temples.
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The Norte Chico civilization developed with over 25 urban centers. The economy heavily relied on fishing and cotton rather than grains. Norte Chico also had no pottery, writing, or defensive walls compared to other early American civilizations
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Outsider Sumerian states start conquering lands in Mesopotamia, leading to the development of early empires
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The Oxus Civilization developed along the Amu Darya River, located in modern-day Afghanistan. It developed a very efficient irrigation method and stock keeping. Additionally, it had the aristocratic elites.
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Central power in Egypt collapsed, leading to chaos. After restoration, Pharos regained power but not at the same level as before.
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The first dynasties in China (Xia, Shang, and Zhou) developed and expanded their centralized rule. They named their ruler "Son of Heaven," and developed the oracle bone script, which is known as the first form of Chinese writing.
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The Indus Valley and the Oxus civilizations collapsed due to environmental issues such as erosion, soil flooding, and deforestation. Urban centers were abandoned, but a legacy and influence were left on the development of Iran, India, and the eastern Mediterranean.
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Waves of migrants came into Egypt, bringing chariot technology, armor, weaving, musical instruments, and new crops.
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Egypt expands and conquers lands outside of Egypt in Asia and Africa. They maintained diplomacy with neighboring countries.
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The Olmec civilization developed in the south of the Gulf of Mexico in Mesoamerica. This civilization is often called the mother civilization in mesoaerica, thanks to its contributions such as maize (corn) and basalt figures of leaders
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The Olmec created the first writing system in the Americas, which influenced future civilizations like the Maya and Teotihuacan.