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- They were the most influential figures in Celtic society.
- They were priests.
- They did not go to war.
- They administered justiceand were responsible of education of the young.
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- They arrived from north-western Germany and they were tribes of warriors who shared a similar language, religion and culture.
- They were hunters, fishermen and metal workers; they practised also agricolture (introduction of plough).
- They lived in small villagesor farming communities and their basic life was the CLAN.
- They worshipped the natural elements such as the sun, the moon and water. (see Druids)
- Celtic women may have more rights and more equal status to men.
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- In 55 and 54 BC Julius Caesar (ca 65-44 BC invaded Britain..
- The real conquest began with Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD).
- They built public baths, vibrant commercial centres and over 9600 km of paved roads.
- The origins of London can be traced to the Roman invasion. (Londinium)
- They built "London Bridge" on the River Thames .
- In 409 Emperor Honorius had to go back to Rome (393-423 AD) to defend it against the Barbarians and they left the Celts alone to fight against the Anglo-Saxons.
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Built between 122-125 AD as a defensive fortification and costumes barrier. It ran from the east coast to the west coast between today's Engkand and Scotland.
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The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons evolved over time and together became known as Old English; this language provided the basis for Modern English, especially words relating to everyday life.
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- Anglo Saxons= Angles, Saxons and Jutes were Germanic tribes who arrived over the course of the 5th and 6th centuries. They were illiterate.
- They used the RUNIC alphabet.
- They were farmers and deep fishermen
- They were organised in tribes and family groups.
- They worshipped sevral gods so Christianity, introduced by the Romans disappeared.
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- It is also called Old English literature (from the 5th century to 1066 -the Norman conquest-)
- Genres: epic poetry, elegies, chronicles, riddles, translations of the Bible from Latin, stories about the lives od saints and sermons.
- Oral and anonymous poetry
- The poet was called also a "scop"; he entertained the noblemen.
- The most important formal aspects are stress and allitteration.
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- Pope Gregory I the Great (590-604) sent the monk Augustine to bring Christianity back to England.
- Augustine became the first Archibishop of Canterbury.
- Christianity spread across the kingdom.
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- After the Anglo-Saxons Britain was divided into several kingdoms with their own kings.
- 7th century: seven main kingdoms developed.; this were called the Heptarchy and they still mark counties to this day such as: East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex and Wessex. Northumbria, Mercia and Wessex were the strongest ones.
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Several monasteries were built and became important centres of communal life and culture.
- THE ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE written by the Venerable Bede = wht we know about the Anglo-Saxons is based on this book. Venerable Bede was the first to use the word "Angle-Land" (the root name for England). -
The came from Norway, Sweden and Denmark. They attacked the monastery of Lindisfarne in 793 and gradually settled in the country.
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- King Alfred the Great with the Anglo-Saxons fought against the Vikings; he won, he had back the occupied territories, recorganised the army and built the fleet.
- He also gave importance to religion and ecnouraged the writing of "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle".
- Alfred dreamed of building a state with local organization, the construction of towns, the promotion of learning and literacy.
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- Alfred's son Edward (899-924 AD) was a great war leader.
- Edward's son Athelstan (927 AD)can be described as the father of the English state: he created a kingdom of all England by establishing the idea of royal authority, law and coinage.
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Large-scale Viking violence returned to England in the 990s and the policy of the "Danegeld" (protection money paid in return for being left alone) was practised regularly. (990s-1016)
- King Canute 1016-1032 AD) brought an end to the Viking attacks.
- Edward the Confessor devoted hmself to religion; he built Westminster Abbey (1065) and he died in 1066 childless.
- Harlod II (his brother in law) of Wessex was the last Anglo-Saxon king. -
- It is the oldest surviving Anglo-Saxon epic poem.
- Author unknown
- Probably composed by a single author for a Christian audience in Anglo-Saxon England between the 8th and the 11th centuries.
- Stylistic features: fate and destiny rule man's life, bravey of the hero, loyalty, conflict between good and evil, Christian values.
- God's will is identical to fate. The poem follows the hero’s defeat of 3 monsters: Grendel, Grendel’s mother, Dragon.
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- They were Vikings settled in northern France. Led by Wiliam Duke of Normandy.
- 1066 illiam invaded Britain and defeated Harold II at Hastings (Bayeux Tapestry)
- William I (1006-1087) was crowned in Westminster Abbey on Christmas day of the same year. Since then nearly all English monarchs have been crowned in the abbey and some also buried there.
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