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Legendary Celtic king who defended Britain against Saxon invaders
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William the Conqueror wins the Battle of Hastings, transforming England’s monarchy and culture
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King John signs the "Great Charter," limiting royal power and laying foundations for constitutional law
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Henry VIII breaks with Rome, establishing the Church of England
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The only English monarch to be tried and executed, leading to a short-lived republic.
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Britain becomes the world’s first industrialized nation, centered on steam power and factories
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Queen Victoria’s reign marks peak British Empire power and cultural influence
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The UK votes to leave the European Union, reshaping modern geopolitics