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Ancient marketplace where goods like grain, pottery, and textiles were exchanged directly—marking the earliest form of marketing through value trade.”
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“Gutenberg’s printing press revolutionized communication, enabling merchants to mass‑produce flyers and reach wider audiences.”
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“An early printed newspaper ad, representing the first paid media channels for promoting goods and services.”
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“Factories and assembly lines during the Industrial Revolution, when mass production created the need for branding and competitive marketing.”
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“Vintage Coca‑Cola advertisement showcasing the emergence of brand identity, loyalty, and consistent messaging.”
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“Diagram of the 4 Ps—Product, Price, Place, Promotion—introduced by E. Jerome McCarthy as a strategic marketing framework.”
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Early desktop computer
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Collage of social media icons with analytics charts, representing personalized, real‑time, and interactive marketing strategies