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In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte forced Spain to surrender Louisiana as a part of his plan to resurrect a French empire in North America(101/102) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon#/media/File:Jacques-Louis_David_-_The_Emperor_Napoleon_in_His_Study_at_the_Tuileries_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg -
in 1803, Napoleon sold the Louisiana territory to Thomas Jefferson for $15 million and signed the treaty on April 30, 1803. However it wasn't until July 4, 1803 that the treaty was annouced to the public.(102/103) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase#/media/File:Louisiana_Purchase.png -
After the Louisiana purchase, General Wilkinson and Francisco Viana signed a treaty to establish a demilitarized strip of land between Texas and Louisiana to resolve the disputed boundaries of US lands and the Spanish Territories. (106/108) https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/images/1249.jpg?maxwidth=650&autorotate=false&quality=78&format=webp -
A Catholic priest and known as the father of Mexico. On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo stepped out of his church and uttered his famous grito "Long live religion! Long live our Blessed Mother Guadalupe! Long live Ferdinand VII and death to bad government!" and inspired the people to fight against the Spanish rule. (116/117) https://www.thoughtco.com/father-miguel-hidalgo-y-costilla-biography-2136418 -
Hidalgo suffered a defeat at Guadalajara on January 17,1811. It was not until March 21, 1811 that Hidalgo was captured by Spanish troops in Chihuahua and executed by firing squad. (118/119) https://www.texasescapes.com/JefferyRobenalt/Images/FatherMiguelHidalgoExecutionMuralChihuahuaCrtveCmmns.jpg -
The bloodiest conflict in Texas history. In this day long battle, Arredondo's army fought Toledo's Republican army a few miles south of the Medina River. This day was a complete disaster for Toledo's army of Mexicans, Anglo-Americans and Indians.(122) https://sanantonioreport.org/finding-medina-the-battle-of-medina-revisited/ -
After Hidalgo's death, Father Morelos had taken over as leader of the independence movement. Unfortunately he was unable to enough criollos to back his cause. He was captured and executed in November 1815.(122) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos#/media/File:Retrato_del_excelent%C3%ADsimo_se%C3%B1or_don_Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos.png -
This treaty came after the war of 1812 between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the US. and defined boundaries between the US and Mexico.(127-128) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty#/media/File:Adams_onis_map.png -
The Plan of Iguala, signed by Augustin de Iturbide and Vinente Guerrero. This plan was meant to separate Mexico from Spain by using three main clauses: (1) the continued special status of the catholic church, (2) the independence of Mexico as a constitutional( monarchy, and (3) equality between peninsulares and criollos.(129) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala#/media/File:Plan_de_Iguala_foja_1.jpg -
Spanish Texas came to an end on July 19, 1821, when Béxar's military leaders publicly swore allegiance and took oath to the new nation.(129)
