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Who: Spanish settlers Native groups
What: Missions declined in Texas as Native resistance and limited Spanish support weakened them.
When: 1790s
Where: Texas frontier
Why Important:Showed Spain’s weakening control, setting up for later independence (p. 62).
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwaterandpower.org%2Fmuseum%2FSan_Fernando_Mission.html&psig=AOvVaw2ntcbGanQC8NoLkEjlC6Yq&ust=1757730282477000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBYQjRxqFwoTCMC0gLmY0o8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE -
Who: Spanish settlers
What: Nacogdoches established as a permanent settlement.
When: 1791
Where: East Texas
Why Important: Became one of the earliest lasting Spanish towns, showing population growth (p. 65).
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikitree.com%2Fwiki%2FSpace%3ANacogdoches_County%252C_Texas&psig=AOvVaw32tvLunnVqNhVE1FzX0CJA&ust=1757730409604000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBYQjRxqFwoTCOj0-peW0o8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAL -
Who: U.S. Spain
What: Agreement created a neutral territory to prevent border fighting.
When: 1806
Where: Between Sabine River Arroyo Hondo
Why Important: Marked rising U.S.-Spanish tension over Texas land (p. 74).
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theadvocate.com%2Fcurious_louisiana%2Fthe-history-behind-louisiana-s-former-no-man-s-land-and-the-people-who-lived%2Farticle_d51b429e-06ca-11ed-a141-2727d146fba8.html&psig=AOvVaw0STXe7hz1s9tU7 -
Who: Father Miguel Hidalgo
What: Called for Mexican independence from Spain.
When: Sept. 16, 1810
Where: Dolores, Mexico
Why Important: Sparked the Mexican War of Independence, influencing Texas (p. 82).
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fprimarysourcenexus.org%2F2011%2F09%2Ftoday-in-history-mexican-independence-day%2F&psig=AOvVaw14CK5as6-UpxhiCwc5b0Z4&ust=1757730495123000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBYQjRxqFwoTCNC0jsOW0o8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE -
Who: Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara Augustus Magee
What: Attempted to free Texas from Spain.
When: 1812–1813
Where: South Texas
Why Important: Early independence effort; defeated at Medina (p. 88). -
Who: Spanish Royalists vs. Republican Army of the North
What: Royalists crushed rebels in bloodiest Texas battle.
When: Aug. 18, 1813
Where: Near San Antonio
Why Important: Spain reasserted control but independence spirit grew (p. 89).
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsanantonioreport.org%2Ffinding-medina-the-battle-of-medina-revisited%2F&psig=AOvVaw1BMuFYVa1MzvDc49MNH5w1&ust=1757730582570000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBYQjRxqFwoTCJiq6OmW0o8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE -
Who: Spanish officials settlers
What: Efforts to strengthen settlements in Texas against U.S. and rebel threats.
When: 1817–1819
Where: San Antonio, Nacogdoches, La Bahía
Why Important: Showed Spain’s defensive stance as power weakened (p. 94). -
Who: U.S. Spain
What: Treaty set Sabine River as Texas border; U.S. gave up Texas claims.
When: 1819
Where: Washington D.C. / Texas border
Why Important: Fixed Texas boundary, but Mexico soon gained independence (p. 96).
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAdams%25E2%2580%2593On%25C3%25ADs_Treaty&psig=AOvVaw1xEuZqTlljr8zaoQ5Oi-s6&ust=1757730659747000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBYQjRxqFwoTCLinopKX0o8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE -
Who: Agustín de Iturbide Mexican rebels
What: Mexico achieved independence from Spain.
When: 1821
Where: Mexico City provinces including Texas
Why Important: Ended Spanish rule in Texas, making it Mexican territory (p. 102).
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecollector.com%2Fmexican-war-of-independence%2F&psig=AOvVaw2duO08Ks_EDzEhmmDIb3Lp&ust=1757730698795000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBYQjRxqFwoTCODdoaKX0o8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE -
Who: Mexican Congress
What: Established a federal republic with states and rights.
When: 1824
Where: Mexico City
Why Important: Texas became part of Coahuila y Tejas under the new constitution (p. 108).
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2F1824_Constitution_of_Mexico&psig=AOvVaw2qBYinrM7FT26ozRvpbHEc&ust=1757730733795000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBYQjRxqFwoTCKD80rGX0o8DFQAAAAAdAAAAABAn