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After murder of 72 nobles
Establishment of revolutionary government -
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Establishment of autonomous principality of Serbia
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Liberal Constitution in 1812
Abolished by king in 1814 → severe repression
Uprising restores constitution → beginning of Trienio Liberal -
Stirred up by carbonari, demand constitution, liberal reform → successful initially then Austrian invasion thwarts attempt
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Significant reforms : freedom of press, reduction of monastic orders, parliamentary regime
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Context : cultural suppression, heavy taxation under Ottomans
Secret societies founded (eg. Filiki Eteria)
Harsh response and "noble" cause inspires philhellenism and liberalism in Europe -
Liberal Revolution starts in 1820 when king in Brazil as fled Napoleonic Wars
Upon return in 1821, accepts constitutional framework and constitution adopted in 1822 -
At order of Holy Alliance → French troops invade Spain and restore absolute monarchy
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Initiated by educated military officers, influenced by Napoleonic ideas of constitution and liberalism
Death of Alexander the Ist → seize chance for revolt but unsuccessful. Nicholas Ist represses -
Ottoman troops crushed
Intervention of Great powers : Russia, France, UK -
Charles 10th → authoritarian conservatism
Dissolves Chamber of Deputies
Restricts press
Alters electoral laws -
Independence officially reocgnized w/ London Conference of 1830/1
Constitutional monarchy in Belgium -
Barricades in Paris
Abdication of Charles 10th → Louis-Philippe of Orléans proclaimed king = "bourgeois monarch"
Constitutional monarchy -
Otto (Bavarian) becomes 1st king ≠ Greek
Balance of power + allied government -
Increased representation of middle and lower class → passed thanks to pressure of King
Electoral reforms : expand electorates, limit overrepresentation of upper class (rotten boroughs) -
Death of 1M
Emigration of 1M
→ island loses 1/4 of population -
Due to Great Famine + influence of other 1848 revolutions
Sought more representation (disastrous British response to famine) and/or independence
→ quickly suppressed -
Series of revolts w/ claims for unity and constitution
Frankfurt Parliament convened to draft Constitution. Question of Lesser/Greater Germany
BUT king refuses constitutional crown and conservative influences (Prussia, Austria) → failure, parliament dissolved -
Revolt in Austria
Hungarian Revolution (Lajos Kossuth)
Revolt in Italy (Austrian-dominated and south)
Revolt in Bohemia (Prague)
→ abdication of Emperor Ferdinand BUT successor Franz Joseph severely represses (thanks to Russian troops). Imposes martial law, more authoritarian and centralized regime -
South of Italy revolts first, then Tuscany, Piedmont-Sardinia and papal states obtain constitutions
Northern Italy united against Austrian invasion but unsuccessful
Mazzini's Roman Republic also crushed by French troops
Legacy : placed PS as leader of unification movement + survival of Statuto Albertino (constitution) in Piedmont-Sardinia → serves later as constitutional basis for unified Italy -
Metternich (chancellor) resigns and flees
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Includes criticism of utopian socialism
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Context : industrialization and economic hardships. Bourgeois king allowed upper class to thrive while lower and middle struggled. Ban of banquets (in which reforms were discussed) sparks uprising
Louis-Philippe abdicates, 2nd French Republic → universal male suffrage, abolition of slavery, National Workshops for unemployed
Napoleon IIIrd electe president
Unfortunately later strikes when National Workshops closed → repressed by army, conservative backlash -
After coup a year earlier
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Initially Russia vs. Ottoman Empire. Russia claims to defend Orthodox Christians
BUT allies join to maintain balance of power and limit Russia's expansion
(cf Siege of Sebastopol, Battle of Balaklava)
Conflict ends w/ Treaty of Paris :
- Neutral Black Sea → o/ fortifications or warships
- Return of conquered territories
- Recognition of OE by Russia -