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Primitive human beings believe it was supernatural spirits
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Tribal doctors preformed ceremonies to exorcise evil spirits. They also remove parts of cranium with tool to exorcise demonds.
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Digitalis- Comes from foxglove plant. Early times, people chewed plant’s leaves to strengthen and slow the heartbeat. Quinine- Comes from the bark of cinchona trees. It controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, and helps prevent malaria. Belladonna and atropine- Made from poisonous nightshade plant. Relieves muscle spasm, especially in gastrointestinal pain. Morphine-Made from optimum poppy. Effectively treating severe pain. Very addictive, used when nothing else works.
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Health records: They kept accurate health records Who are physicians? The priests acted as physicians How did they heal?
Learned the arts of splinting fractures and treating disorders by bloodletting with use of leeches. Pooled blood around wounds can threaten the healing of tissue. -
Development of acupuncture: Early as Stone Age were first to use acupuncture therapies. How to rest various illnesses and diseases with stone tools.
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Illness cause Nature vs. spiritual: First to study the causes of disease and to determine and illnesses have natural rather than spiritual causes. Dissection: Religious custom did not allow bodies to be dissected. Hippocrates: The father of medicine. First studied human body. Found out disease was not caused by supernatural forces. Wrote standard of ethics called Oath of Hippocrates.
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Sanitation systems: Brought clean water into their cities by aqueducts. Built sewers to carry off waste. Built public baths with filtering systems. Organize medical care: Hospital development:
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Sanitation systems: Brough clean water into the cities by aqueducts. Built water sewers to carry off waste, public baths with filtering systems. Organize medical care: sent medical equipment and physicians with armies to care for wounded soldiers. Physicians kept room in their house for ill. Hospital development: public buildings for the care of sick. Physicians paid by Roman government. Physicians wore death mask, spice filled beak. Protect from infection, bad odors.
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When Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns.Church believed that life and death was in God's hands. Only practiced medicine in convents and monasteries.
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Primary treatment was prayer. Medications consisted of herbal mixtures and care was custodial.
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Caused millions of deaths. Bubonic plague killed 60 million people. Other diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis.
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Universities: Rebuilding of universities and medical schools for research Dissection: the acceptance of dissection of the body for study Books: the development of the printing press and the publishing of books, allowing greater access to knowledge from research
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Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body. -
Discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy. -
Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat(eustachian tube). -
Used knowledge to understand physiology. Wanted to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart. -
Invented the microscope. Scraped his teeth and found the bacteria that causes tooth decay. Not yet realized the germs that cause disease were now visible. -
Early pharmacies started. In medieval England they engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from East. -
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Discoveries of bifocals, and colds can pass person to person. -
Attended lectures in classrooms and laboratories, but also observing patients at bedside. Dissected bodies of dead people and observe diseases process. Students also studied medicine.
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Discovered element oxygen. He observed that plants refresh air that has lost its oxygen, making it unstable for respiration. -
Discovered method of vaccination for smallpox. His discovery saved millions of lives. His discovery led to immunization and to preventative medicine in public health. -
Invented the stethoscope. First stethoscope made of wood. Increased ability to hear the heart and lungs, so doctors could see if disease present. -
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Identified the cause of childbed fever. Large number of women died from fever after birth. Noted patient’s of midwives had fewer deaths. Physicians went into dead room unlike midwives where they dissected dead. They didn’t change aprons or wash hands before delivering baby’s. Handwashing became a practice after this to not spread infection. -
Well dedicated to the Nightingale school of Nursing. She would say nursing was left to people “too old, too weak, too drunken, too dirty, or too bad to do anything else.” Came from a cultured, middle-class family who opposed her interest in caring for the ill. She became a legend in helping dying soldiers in the Crimean war. Prepared reports on need of better sanitation and construction and management of hospitals. Designed a hospital ward that Improved environment and care of patients. -
Known as father of microbiology. Discovered tiny microorganisms were everywhere. Proved microorganisms cause disease. Also, found out heating milk prevents growth of bacteria. Also, created vaccine for rabies. -
Discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with a microscope called viruses. Viruses not studied until electron microscope was invented in Germany. Some diseases by viruses include rabies, poliomyelitis, chickenpox, mumps, measles, influenza, herpes zoster and German measles. -
Learned about Pasteur’s discovery about micro organisms cause infection. Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that cause infection. Became first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery helping prevent infection in incision. -
Developed asepsis. Knew from Lister’s and Pasteur’s research germs cause infections in wounds. Developed method to keep area germ free before and during surgery. -
Discovered many disease causing organisms. Developed culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Also, introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation preventing spread of disease. -
Discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms. Effective against some microorganisms but not effective killing other bacteria. Discovery brought about chemicals to fight disease. He tried to treat syphilis completing 606 experiments on the last finding a treatment that worked. -
Discovered x-rays. Took very first x-ray picture of his wife’s hand. Discovery helped doctors see inside body and discover what was wrong with patient. -
Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help relieve pain of surgery. Even choked patients to create unconsciousness. Many patients died from shock and pain. Nitrous oxide and chloroform discovered to put people into deep sleep.
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Found penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria. One of most important discoveries. Before discovery many people died. -
Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of mind. Studied effect of unconscious mind on the body. Determined mind and body work together. Led to understanding of psychosomatic illness(physical illness caused by emotional conflict). Studies basis of psychology and psychiatry. -
Discovered sulfonamide compounds. Compounds first medications effective in killing bacteria. Killing deadly diseases. -
Discovered that a dead polio virus causes immunity to poliomyelitis. Virus paralyzing thousands of people every year that were most active and athletic. Vaccines saved many from death. -
Used a live polio virus vaccine being more effective. -
Discovered molecular structure of DNA based on the double helix. Model explained how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it. Sets stage for rapid advances in molecular biology to this day. Won Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery. -
Preformed the first successful heart transplant. -
Continues to be pioneer in separating Siamese twins and preforming hemispherectomies, surgery on brain to stop seizures. -
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Developed for a number of substances like biological tissues and polymers to mimic shape.