-
The Neolithic Revolution sparked the beginnings of Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent ( known as modern-day Syria, Iraq, and Turkey ). This allowed for the development of new crops, leading to larger populations and the growth of new cities. -
The Sumerians established one of the world's first civilizations in Mesopotamia, developing one of the first writing systems called cuneiform writing, which was used for record-keeping and communication. Mesopotamia also was the site of the construction of the two large city-states Ur and Uruk -
The Egyptians unified Egypt, leading to the start of the Egyptian civilization. The jointing of Egypt led to the development of a centralized state with a powerful pharaoh, building structures like the Pyramids and developing a writing system called hieroglyphics -
The Harappan Civilization, known as the Indus Valley Civilization, started in South Asia, which is now Pakistan and India. New cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro start to flourish with advanced urban planning and trading. -
Hammurabi becomes the ruler of Babylon and creates one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, the Code of Hammurabi. -
The Shang Dynasty is born, and it emerges as one of the earliest Chinese dynasties, ruling from the Yellow River region. The Shang developed a writing system and used oracle bones for divination. -
The first Greek city-states start to form, including Athens and Sparta, leading to the development of democracy in Athens and philosophy with Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. -
Brothers Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome on April 21st, 753 BCE, according to Roman legend. They found Rome on the site where they were suckled by a she-wolf as orphans. -
The Assyrian Empire reaches its heights, controlling territory that includes Mesopotamia and parts of Egypt. -
Confucianism is founded in China, the teachings emphasize morality, family relationships, and respect for authority, becoming a major influence in Chinese culture and philosophy -
The Roman Republic is established after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy. The Senate and popular assemblies are formed with having the power shared. -
Daoism or Taoism begins in China, with teachings emphasizing living in harmony with the Dao ( the way ), the natural flow of the universe, and simplicity. -
Buddhism is founded by the Buddha, in India. His teachings focus on the 4 Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, offering a way to overcome suffering through enlightenment and the end of desire. -
The Persian Wars begin with the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta uniting to repel invasions by the Persian Empire. -
The Peloponnesian War starts with conflicts between Athens and Sparta, leading to war. After three decades of conflict, Athens is defeated,d leading to their decline of power in Greece. The Peloponnesian War finally came to an end in 404 BCE. -
Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquers territories from Greece to Egypt, Persia, and India, spreading Greek culture and ideas (Hellenistic culture ). Alexander the Great created a city in Egypt called Alexandria while also defeating the Persian Empire before passing away in 323 BCE in Babylon. -
The Qin Dynasty unified China under Emperor Qin Shi Huang, and the Great Wall of China began construction. -
Julius Caesar is assassinated by a group of senators, leading to further civil wars and the eventual rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus. -
Augustus or Octavian becomes the first Roman emperor, marking the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire. -
The death of Emperor Aurelius marks the end of the Pax Romana ( Roman Peace ). -
Emperor Diocletian divides the Roman Empire into the Western and Western Roman Empires -
Germanic tribes started putting pressure on Western Rome, signaling the end, the Visigoths sacked Rome in 410 CE, then in 455 CE,, the Vandals sacked Rome again causing another warning. -
The last Roman Emperor ( Augustus) is overthrown by the Germanic barbarian king Odoacer, causing the end of the Western Roman Empire